Hak manungsa ing Komoro

Ing sajarahé, Komoro ndarbèni cathetan hak manungsa kang lumayan ala. Ing wiwitan taun 1979, pamaréntah Komoro nangkep kira-kira 300 panyengkuyung rézim Soilih lan ngunjara dhèwèké padha tanpa ana pangadilan ing Moroni. Papat tilas mantriné Soilih uga ngilang. Rong taun sabanjuré, ana panangkepan, pambedhilan, lan pangilangan kang luwih akèh. Éntuk tekanan saka France, sawetara pangadilan ditindakaké, nanging akèh wong Komoro kang panggah dadi tahanan pulitik, senadyan ta ana protès saka Amnesty International lan organisasi kamanungsan liyané. Rézim Abdallah uga matesi kamardikan wicara, pèrs, sarékat, hak warga nagara ngowahi pamaréntahané, hak wanita, lan hak wong kang makarya. Sawisé Abdallah tilar donya nalika 27 Novèmber 1989, cathetan hak manungsa ing nagara iki samsaya apik. Wadyabala bayaran Éropa kang mréntah pulo iki kapréntah nangkep sawetara wong lan nguculaké mèh kabèh tahanan pulitik kang katahan sawisé upaya kudéta 1985–1987.^[1]

Trèn iki terus lanjut teka Maret 1990, nalika Djohar dadi Présidhèn Komoro. Tumindak memungsuhan marang rézimé bakal njalari praktik-praktik hak manungsa kang ora becik. Tuladhané, sawisé upaya kudéta 18–19 Agustus 1990 kang ora kasil, pamaréntah nahan 24 wong tanpa pangadilan jalaran ana sesambungan karo kraman. Ing Oktober 1990, pasukan kamanan matèni Max Veillard, pangarsa komplotan. Taun sabanjuré, sawisé upaya nyopot Djohar saka palungguhan kaprésidhènan ora kasil, dhèwèké mréntah panangkepan Mahkamah Agung lan mbiwara kaanan darurat nagara. Uga ana upaya kudéta liya kang ora kasil nalika 26 Sèptèmber 1992, marakaké pamaréntah nahan 20 wong punjul, salah sijiné Mantri Jero Nagari Omar Tamou. Pulisi nahan para tahanan tanpa ana pacelukan lan dilapuraké nyiksa sawetara para tahanan. Asosiasi Hak Manungsa Komoro uga ndakwa rézim Djohar ngèksekusi wong-wong kang disujanani nyengkuyung klumpukan oposisi kang nganggo sanjata. Ing pungkasan 1993, organisasi kaya ta Amnesty International mbacutaké monitor kaanan hak manungsa ing Komoro, lan nentang rézim Djohar.^[1]

Kaanan historis besut

Ing isor iki kapacak bagan peringkat Komoro awit 1975 ing lapuran Freedom in the World kang dibabar taunan déning Freedom House. Peringkat 1 iku "mardika"; 7, "ora mardika".^[2]¹

Peringkat historis

Taun	Hak pulitik	Kamardikan sipil	Setatus	Présidhèn²
1975	5	2	Sapérangan Mardika	Ahmed Abdallah
1976	5	3	Sapérangan Mardika	Said Mohamed Jaffar
1977	4	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Ali Soilih
1978	5	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Ali Soilih
1979	4	5	Sapérangan Mardika	Ahmed Abdallah
1980	4	5	Sapérangan Mardika	Ahmed Abdallah
1981	4	5	Sapérangan Mardika	Ahmed Abdallah
1982³	4	5	Sapérangan Mardika	Ahmed Abdallah
1983	4	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Ahmed Abdallah
1984	5	5	Sapérangan Mardika	Ahmed Abdallah
1985	6	6	Ora Mardika	Ahmed Abdallah
1986	6	6	Ora Mardika	Ahmed Abdallah
1987	6	6	Ora Mardika	Ahmed Abdallah
1988	6	6	Ora Mardika	Ahmed Abdallah
1989	6	5	Ora Mardika	Ahmed Abdallah
1990	5	5	Sapérangan Mardika	Said Mohamed Djohar
1991	4	3	Sapérangan Mardika	Said Mohamed Djohar
1992	4	2	Sapérangan Mardika	Said Mohamed Djohar
1993	4	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Said Mohamed Djohar
1994	4	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Said Mohamed Djohar
1995	4	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Said Mohamed Djohar
1996	4	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Caabi El-Yachroutu Mohamed
1997	5	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim
1998	5	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim
1999	6	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde
2000	6	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Azali Assoumani
2001	6	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Azali Assoumani
2002	5	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Azali Assoumani
2003	5	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Azali Assoumani
2004	4	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Azali Assoumani
2005	4	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Azali Assoumani
2006	3	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Azali Assoumani
2007	4	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi
2008	3	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi
2009	3	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi
2010	3	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi
2011	3	4	Sapérangan Mardika	Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi

Prajanjèn internasional besut

Solahé Komoro ngenani prajanjèn hak manungsa internasional:

Prajanjèn internasional

Prajanjèn	Organisasi	Dikenalaké	Ditapak asmani	Diratifikasi
Konvènsi babagan Pangéndhan lan Ukuman Piala Gènosida^[3]	Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa	1948	-	2004
Konvènsi Internasional babagan Pambusakan Sakabèhing Wujud Diskriminasi Rasial^[4]	Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa	1966	2000	2004
Kovenan Internasional babagan Hak-Hak Ékonomi, Sosial, lan Budaya^[5]	Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa	1966	2008	-
Kovenan Internasional babagan Hak-Hak Sipil lan Pulitik^[6]	Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa	1966	2008	-
Protokol Opsional Kapisan Kovenan Internasional babagan Hak-Hak Sipil lan Pulitik^[7]	Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa	1966	-	-
Konvènsi babagan Ora Kenané Pawatesan Ukum tumrap Piala Perang lan Piala tumrap Kamanungsan^[8]	Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa	1968	-	-
Konvènsi Internasional babagan Panyirnan lan Pangukuman Piala Apartheid^[9]	Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa	1973	-	-
Konvènsi babagan Pambusakan Sakabèhing Wujud Diskriminasi marang Wanita^[10]	Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa	1979	-	1994
Konvènsi Nentang Panyiksan lan Perlakon utawa Pangukuman Liya kang Kejem, Ora Manungsawi, utawa Ngasoraké Martabating Manungsa^[11]	Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa	1984	2000	-
Konvènsi Hak-Hak Anak^[12]	Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa	1989	1990	1993
Protokol Opsional Kapindho Kovenan Internasional babagan Hak-Hak Sipil lan Pulitik babagan Pambusakan Ukuman Mati^[13]	Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa	1989	-	-
Konvènsi Internasional babagan Pangreksan Sakabèhing Hak Buruh Migran lan Para Anggota Kulawarga Dhèwèké Padha^[14]	Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa	1990	2000	-
Protokol Opsional Konvènsi babagan Pambusakan Sakabèhing Wujud Diskriminasi marang Wanita^[15]	Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa	1999	-	-
Protokol Opsional Konvènsi babagan Hak-Hak Anak babagan Gegayutané Anak ing Pasulayan mawa Gaman^[16]	Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa	2000	-	-
Protokol Opsional Konvènsi babagan Hak-Hak Anak babagan Pangadolan Anak, Prostitusi Anak, lan Pornografi Anak^[17]	Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa	2000	-	2007
Konvènsi babagan Hak-Hak Kang Nandhang Disabilitas^[18]	Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa	2006	-	-
Protokol Opsional Konvènsi babagan Hak-Hak Kang Nandhang Disabilitas^[19]	Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa	2006	-	-
Konvènsi Internasional babagan Pangreksan marang Kabèh Wong saka Tumindak Pangilangan Kanthi Peksa^[20]	Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa	2006	2007	-
Protokol Opsional Kovenan Internasional babagan Hak-Hak Ékonomi, Sosial, lan Budaya^[21]	Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa	2008	-	-
Protokol Opsional Konvènsi Hak Anak babagan Prosedur Sesambungan^[22]	Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa	2011	-	-

Uga delengen besut

Cathetan besut

1.^ Gatèkna yèn "Taun" ing kéné satemené "Taun nalika dilapuraké". Mangkono iku, katrangan kang tinengeran taun 2008 iku lapuran kang dibabar taun 2009, lan sabanjuré.

2.^ Per 6 Juli (Dina Kamardikan) ing 1975; 1 Januari lan sabanjuré.

3.^ Lapuran taun 1982 ngrakup taun 1981 lan paruh kapisan taun 1982, lan lapuran taun 1984 sabanjuré ngrakup paruh kapindho taun 1982 lan sakabèhing taun 1983. Kanggo kaprasajan, rong lapuran "setaun setengah" kang nyimpang iki wis dipisah dadi lapuran telung taun lumantar interpolasi.

Rujukan besut

↑ ^a ^b "Comoros Human Rights". United States Federal Research Division. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 9 Januari 2009. Dibukak ing 15 Mèi 2023.
↑ Freedom House (2012). "Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012" (XLS). Dibukak ing 2012-08-22.
↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 20 October 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 11 February 2011. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 17 September 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 1 September 2010. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2019-03-24. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2018-11-16. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 18 July 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 23 August 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 8 November 2010. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 11 February 2014. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 20 October 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 25 August 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2011-05-20. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2016-04-25. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2013-12-13. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 19 August 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 13 January 2016. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2019-07-17. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2012-07-18. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 25 August 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

Pranala jaba besut

Lapuran Freedom in the World taun 2012, déning Freedom House

[lcweb2-1] "Comoros Human Rights". United States Federal Research Division. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 9 Januari 2009. Dibukak ing 15 Mèi 2023.

[FH1972-2] Freedom House (2012). "Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012" (XLS). Dibukak ing 2012-08-22.

[UN_1-3] United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 20 October 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

[UN_2-4] United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 11 February 2011. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

[UN_3-5] United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 17 September 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

[UN_4-6] United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 1 September 2010. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

[UN_5-7] United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2019-03-24. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

[UN_6-8] United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2018-11-16. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

[UN_7-9] United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 18 July 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

[UN_8-10] United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 23 August 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

[UN_9-11] United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 8 November 2010. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

[UN_11-12] United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 11 February 2014. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

[UN_12-13] United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 20 October 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

[UN_13-14] United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 25 August 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

[UN_8b-15] United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2011-05-20. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

[UN_11b-16] United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2016-04-25. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

[UN_11c-17] United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2013-12-13. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

[UN_15-18] United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 19 August 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

[UN_15a-19] United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 13 January 2016. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

[UN_16-20] United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2019-07-17. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

[UN_3a-21] United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2012-07-18. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

[UN_11d-22] United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 25 August 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

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