Basa Afrikaans: Béda antara owahan
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
→Asal Usul: éjaan, replaced: sajroning → sajeroning |
éjaan, replaced: Biasané → Lumrahé, dhewe → dhéwé (2), propinsi → provinsi, Propinsi → Provinsi |
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Larik 41:
Basa Afrikaans Tmula ana ing Koloni Landa ing laladan Cape (Tanjung), lumantar nyempal saka dhialèk Landa Eropa, sajeroning abad 18.<ref name="omniglot.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/afrikaans.htm |title=Afrikaans |work=Omniglot |accessdate=22 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/8437/Afrikaans-language |title=Afrikaans language |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |accessdate=22 September 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831105055/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/8437/Afrikaans-language|archivedate=31 August 2010 <!--DASHBot-->|deadurl=no }}</ref> Ing pramila abad 18 lan nganthi abad 20, Basa Afrikaans ing Basa Landa dianggep kanthi "kitchen language" utawa Basa Pawonan ({{lang-af|kombuistaal|links=no}}), lan kurang géngsiné, uga diarani basa ngisoré Basa Landa sing umum ''{{lang|nl|Kaaps Hollands}}'' ("Cape Dutch," i.e. Afrikaans) ''{{lang|nl|geradbraakt}}," ''{{lang|nl|gebroken}}'' anf ''{{lang|nl|onbeschaafd Hollands}}'' ("Basa Landa Ndhésa"), saliyané diarani ''{{lang|nl|verkeerd Nederlands}}'' ("Basa Landa Salah").<ref>Alatis, Hamilton, Ai-Hui Tan (2002). ''Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 2000: Linguistics, Language and the Professions: Education, Journalism, Law, Medicine, and Technology." Washington, DC: University Press. ISBN 978-0-87840-373-8, p. 132.</ref><ref>Keith Brown and Sarah Ogilvie, eds. (2008). ''Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World." Oxford, UK: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7, p. 8.</ref> Kira-kira 90 nganthi 95% tetembungan Basa Afrikaans mula saka Basa Landa,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIivedw-oZYC |title=Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics |accessdate=23 August 2008 |first=Rajend |last=Mesthrie |publisher=New Africa Books |page=214 |year=1995 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GeUUAAAAIAAJ |title=The Dutch Language: A Survey |page=132 |first=Pierre |last1=Brachin |first2=Paul |last2=Vincent |publisher=Brill Archive |accessdate=3 November 2008 |year=1985 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqaGb_SEQHUC |title=Language in South Africa |page=205 |accessdate=18 May 2010 |first=Rajend |last=Mesthrie |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2002 }}</ref> lan ana pambédha ing tetembungan antaraning rong basa iki;<ref>{{harvnb|Sebba|1997|p=161}}</ref> nanging Afrikaans ndhuwé morpologi sing luwih katon,<ref name="holm"/> paramasastra lan éjan.<ref name="sebba">{{cite book |ref=harv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRT_jZl39AMC |title=Contact languages: pidgins and creoles |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first=Mark |last=Sebba |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=1997 }}</ref> Ana tataran silihmangertèn utawa [[mutual intelligibility]] antara rong basa kasebut,<ref name="holm">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PcD7p9y3EIcC |title=Pidgins and Creoles: References survey |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first=John A. |last=Holm |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=338 |year=1989 }}</ref><ref name="baker">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgtSqB9oqDIC |title=Encyclopedia of bilingualism and bilingual education |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first1=Colin |last1=Baker |first2=Sylvia |last2=Prys Jones |publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd. |page=302 |year=1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zlUp5Xuc8C |title=Language change: contributions to the study of its causes |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first1=Leiv |last1=Egil Breivik |first2=Ernst |last2=Håkon Jahr |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |page=232 |year=1987 }}</ref> mligané ing panulisan.<ref name="sebba"/><ref name="sebba2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHgsfADZF9IC |title=Spelling and society: the culture and politics of orthography around the world |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first=Mark |last=Sebba |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2007 }}</ref><ref name="gooskens"/>
Basa Afrikaans olèh njupuk silihan tetembungan lan paramasastra saka basa-basa liyané kaya ta acquired [[Basa Melayu]], [[Basa Khoisan]], [[Basa Portugis]],<ref name="deumert">{{cite book |ref=harv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ciimg5gGqQC |title=Language Standardization and Language Change: The Dynamics of Cape Dutch |accessdate=10 November 2008 |work=Ana Deumert |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |year=2004 |page=22 }}</ref> lan [[Basa-basa Bantu]],<ref name="niesler">{{cite book |ref=harv |url=http://academic.sun.ac.za/su_clast/documents/SALALS2005.pdf |first1=Thomas |last1=Niesler |first2=Philippa |last2=Louw |first3=Justus |last3=Roux |year=2005 |title=Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases |journal=Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=459–474}}</ref> and Afrikaans has also been significantly influenced by [[South African English]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lycos.com/info/afrikaans--standard-afrikaans.html |title=Afrikaans: Standard Afrikaans |publisher=Lycos Retriever |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120182430/http://www.lycos.com/info/afrikaans--standard-afrikaans.html |archivedate=20 November 2011 }}</ref> Nanging, panyatur Basa Landa kerep ngadhepi luwih sithik kebingungan yèn ngrungokaké panyatur basa Afrikaans tinimbang kosok baliné.<ref name="gooskens"/><!--see page 460--> Silihpangertèn iki ora sepadan, amarga panyatur Basa Landa luwih bisa reti Afrikaans tinimbang sewaliké.<ref name="gooskens">{{cite journal |url=http://www.let.rug.nl/gooskens/pdf/publ_JMMD_2007.pdf |title=The Contribution of Linguistic Factors to the Intelligibility of Closely Related Languages |first1=Charlotte |last1=Gooskens |journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development |volume=28 |issue=6 |date=November 2007 |pages=445–467 |publisher=[[University of Groningen]] |accessdate=19 May 2010 }}</ref><!--see page 464-->
===Pangembangan===
Akèh-akèhané para pamanggon pramila sing cukilé saiki diarani wong [[Afrikaner]] asalé saka [[Republik Pitung
Buruh lan buruh tukon sing uga ngembangaké basa Afrikaans yaiku [[Wong Asia|Asia]] (mligané wong [[Melayu]] lan wong [[Malagasi]], saliyané wong [[Khoi]], [[Wong San]], lan [[Wong Bantu]] sing uga manggon ing laladan iku. Wong Kréol ing pramula abad 18—kaya sing kacatet ing kasusé Hendrik Bibault lan para [[Oude Ram Afrikaner|Oude Ram]] — iku sing paling pramula ngundhang dhéwéké ''Afrikaner'' (Wong Afrika). Nembé ing tengah-tengahing abad 19 {{dubious|Boer identity merge with Afrikaners|date=October 2015}} wong [[Boer]] uga njupuk tembung iku.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cape-slavery-heritage.iblog.co.za/category/new-creole-identities/page/4/|title=The Orlams Afrikaners – the Creole Africans of the Garieb|publisher=Cape Slavery Heritage|accessdate=8 July 2010}}</ref> Wong Khoi lan wong-wong blasteran padha-padha diarani 'Coloureds' utawa 'werna'.<ref name="Slavery">{{cite web|url=http://slaveryinstitute.wordpress.com/slavery-in-the-cape/|title=Slavery in the Cape|publisher=Institute for the Study of Slavery and its Legacy – South Africa|accessdate=8 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610194604/http://slaveryinstitute.wordpress.com/slavery-in-the-cape/|archivedate=10 June 2010 <!--DASHBot-->|deadurl=no}}</ref>
Larik 58:
====Monumèn====
[[File:AfrikaanseTaalmonumentSlogan.jpg|thumb|left|Slogan ing ngarepe Monumen Basa Afrikaans, cedhak Paarl, Afrika Kidul. Yèn diterjemahke artine kurang luwih "Iki penting kanggo awake
[[Monumèn Basa Afrikaans]] (''{{lang|af|Afrikaanse Taalmonument}}'') manggon ing sawijining gumuk sing ngadhep kutha [[Paarl]], [[Western Cape Province]], [[Afrika Kidul]]. Resmi dibuka kanggo umum ing tanggal 10 Oktober 1975,<ref name="Botha-speech">{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2005/05111709451003.htm |title=Speech by the Minister of Art and Culture, N Botha, at the 30th anniversary festival of the Afrikaans Language Monument |date=10 October 2005 |publisher=[[South African Department of Arts and Culture]] |language=Afrikaans |accessdate=28 November 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604111627/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2005/05111709451003.htm |archivedate=4 June 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> tugu iki dibangun kanggo mendhaki 50 taun Afrikaans diakoni dadi salah siji basa resmi ing Afrika Kidul sing bédha karo Basa Landa. Tugu iki dibangun ing Paarl ing pringatan 100 taun ngadhegé ''{{lang|af|[[Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners]]}}'' (Society of Real [[Afrikaner]]s), salah sawiji pakumpulan sing nguri-uri jatining Afrikaner lan kabungahan ing basané dhéwé.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Charles S. B. Galasko |title=The Afrikaans Language Monument |location=Paarl |journal=Spine |date=1 November 2008 |volume=33 |issue=23 }}</ref>
Larik 140:
Basa Afrikaans uga ndhuwé pangaruh ing [[Basa Inggris Afrika Kidul]]. Akèh tetembungan Basa Inggris kana sing dijupuk saka Afrikaans, kaya ta ''{{lang|af|[[bakkie]]}}'' ("truk bukaan"), ''{{lang|af|[[braai]]}}'' ("panggangan"), ''{{lang|af|[[naartjie]]}}'' ("jeruk keprok"), ''{{lang|af|tekkies}}'' (Ing Amèrika "sneakers", ing Inggris "trainers", ing Kanada "runners" sing artiné sepatu kèts). Ana sawetara tembung ing basa Inggris baku uga wod saka basa Afrikaans, kaya tuladha, ''[[aardvark]]'' (lit. "babi lemah"), ''[[trekking|trek]]'' ("lelana pambuka", maksud asliné "narik" tapi uga artiné "pindahan"), ''spoor'' ("dalan tikus"), ''{{lang|af|veld}}'' ("latar" ing Afrikaans. "lapangan"), ''commando'' from saka tembung Afrikaans ''{{lang|af|kommando}}'' sing artiné unit tarung cilik, ''{{lang|af|boomslang}}'' ("ula uwit") lan ''{{lang|af|[[apartheid]]}}'' ("pisahan").
Ing taun 1976, para siswa SMA ing kutha [[Soweto]] pramula [[haruhara Soweto]] amarga pamarèntah mutusaké yèn basa Afrikaans didadèkaké basa prèntah kanggo separuh pelajaran sing diajarké ing sekolah-sekolah dudu kulit (turahé nganggo basa Inggris). Sanajan basa Inggris mung dadi basa asliné 8,2% pendhudhuk, nanging paling akèh direti lan basa kaloro mayoritas wong Afrika Kidul.<ref>[http://www.sagoodnews.co.za/public_sector/govt_info_available_online_in_all_official_languages.html Govt info available online in all official languages – South Africa – The Good News<!-- Bot generated title -->].</ref> Basa Afrikaans luwih akèh dipituturaké tinimbang Inggris ing
Ing[[Undhang-Undhang Dhasar Afrika Kidul]] taun 1996, Afrikaans tetep dadi salah sawiji basa resmi saliyané basa Inggris lan sangang basa liyané. Artiné, kebijakan anyar iki ngalongi Afrikaans lan luwih milih basa Inggris, utawa kanggo ngakomodir basa-basa resmi liyané. Tuladhané ing taun 1996, [[South African Broadcasting Corporation]] ngelongi cacah siyaran télévisi ing basa Afrikaans, sawetara maskapai [[South African Airways]] ngilangi jeneng Afrikaans ''{{lang|af|Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens}}'' saka awak pesawaté. Pada karo liyané, misi diplomatik Afrika Kidul mung nampilaké tetenger nagara ing basa Inggris lan basa nagara panggonané, ora ning Afrikaans.
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