Kaféin: Béda antara owahan
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
éjaan, replaced: biasane → racaké (2) |
éjaan, replaced: akhir → akir, Amerika → Amérika, energi → ènergi, mateni → matèni, ngakibatake → njalari, proses → prosès (3), tahun → taun, Umume → Lumrahé, umumé → lumrahé (3), . → . (3) |
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Larik 38:
'''Kaféina'''<ref>Keputusan [[Majelis Basa Brunei Darussalam – Indonesia – Malaysia]] (MABBIM) KERTAS F/SP/5 JKTBM [http://dbp.gov.my/mabbim/download.php?FilePoolID=66]</ref><ref>[http://www.pusatbasa.diknas.go.id/glosarium/index.php?gloss_asing=caffeine&gloss_indonesia=&jinis=exact&Bidang=all&infocmd=Cari Padanan istilah glosarium Pusat Basa]</ref>, utawa luwih kawentar kanthi jeneng '''kaféin''', ya iku senyawa [[alkaloid]] [[xantina]] wujud kristal lan rasané pahit kang digunakaké minangka [[obat]] [[perangsang]] [[psikoaktif]] lan [[diuretik]] ènthèng<ref>{{cite journal |last=Maughan |first=RJ |coauthors=Griffin J |title=Caffeine ingestion and fluid balance: a review. |journal=J Human Nutrition Dietetics |volume=16 |pages=411–20 |year=2003}}</ref>. Kafeina tinemu déning kimiawan Jerman, [[Friedrich Ferdinand Runge]], nalika taun 1819. Dèwèké gawé istilah "kaffein" kanggo ngrujuk marang senyawa kimia ing [[kopi]].<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/caffeine caffeine - Definitions from Dictionary.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Kafeina uga disebut '''guaranina''' nalika katemokake ing [[guarana]], '''mateina''' nalika katemokake ing [[mate]], lan '''teina''' nalika katemokake ing [[teh]]. Kabèh istilah kaebut padha-pagha ngrujuk marang senyawa kimia kang padha.
Kafeina ditemoni sacara alami ing bahan [[pangan]] kaya [[wiji]] [[kopi]], [[godhong]] [[teh]], [[buah]] [[kola]], [[guarana]], lan ''[[maté]]''. Ing wit-witan, dhèwèké berperan minangka [[pestisida]] alami kang nglumpuhake lan
Kafeina arupa obat [[perangsang]] [[sistem pusat saraf]] ing [[manungsa]] lan bisa ngilangi rasa [[ngantuk]] sacara sewentara. ombenan kang ngandut kafeina, kaya [[kopi]], [[teh]], lan [[ombenan entheng]], disenengi banget. Kafeina arupa [[zat psikoaktif]] kang paling akèh dikonsumsi ing donya. ora kaya zat psikoaktif liyané, kafeina legal lan ora diatur déning hukum ing kbeh yuridiksi donya. Ing
==Anane==
Sumber utama kafeina ndonya ya iku wiji kopi. Kandungan kafeina ing kopi variasi banget, tergantung ing jinis wiji kopi lan metode panggawean kang digunakaké<ref name="ICO">{{cite web | title=Caffeine | publisher=International Coffee Organization | url=http://www.ico.org/caffeine.asp }}(kaunduh 26/11/12)</ref>. Secara umum, sak sajian kopi ngandut sekitar 40 mg (30 mL [[espresso]] varietas ''arabica'') kafeina, nganti 100 mg kafeina kanggo sak cangkir (120 mL) kopi.
[[Teh]] arupa sumber kafeina liyané. Senajan teh ngandut kadar kafeina kang luwih duwur ketimbang kopi,
Kafeina uga ana sajrone pira-pira [[ombenan entheng]] kaya [[kola]]. ombenan entheng racaké ngandut sekitar 10 nganti 50 miligram kafeina per sajian. Kafeina ing ombenan jinis iki asalé saka bahan ramuan ombenan iku dhéwé utawa saka bahan aditif kang diisakake saka
[[Coklat]] kang diisakake saka [[wiji kakao]] uga ngandut kafeina. Efek rangsangan kang dikasilake déning coklat asalé saka efek kombinasi [[teobromina]], [[teofilina]], lan kafeina.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Smit | first = H. J. | coauthors = Gaffan E. A., Rogers P. J. | title = Methylxanthines are the psycho-pharmacologically active constituents of chocolate | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 176 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 412–9 | year = 2004 | month = November |pmid=15549276 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-004-1898-3 <!--Retrieved from PMID by DOI bot--> }}</ref> Coklat ngandut jumlah kafeina kang sithik banget kanggo
== Sintesis dan ciri-ciri kafeina ==
[[Gambar:Caffeine USP.jpg|thumb|Kafeina [[anhidrat]] (kering).]]
Ing taun 1819, kimiawan [[Jerman]] [[Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge]] kasil ngisolasi kafeinan kang relatif murni kanggo pertama kaline.<ref>Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, ''Neueste phytochemische Entdeckungen zur Begründung einer wissenschaftlichen Phytochemie'' [Latest phytochemical discoveries for the founding of a scientific phytochemistry] (Berlin, Germany: G. Reimer, 1820). In Chapter 6 ([http://books.google.com/books?id=KLg5AAAAcAAJ&pg=P146&lpg=P146#v=onepage&q&f=false pages 144–159]), Runge details his (partial) isolation of caffeine, which he calls "Kaffebase" (i.e., a base (alkaline substance) that exists in coffee).</ref><ref>In 1821, caffeine was isolated both by French chemist [[Pierre Jean Robiquet]] and by a pair of French chemists, [[Pierre Joseph Pelletier|Pierre-Joseph Pelletier]] and [[Joseph Bienaimé Caventou]], according to Swedish chemist [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]] in his yearly journal, ''Jahres-Bericht über die Fortschritte der physischen Wissenschaften von Jacob Berzelius'' [Annual report on the progress of the physical sciences by Jacob Berzelius] (Dr. F. Wöhler, trans.), vol. 4, [http://books.google.com/books?id=XJI8AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA180&lpg=RA1-PA180#v=onepage&q&f=false page 180], 1825. Furthermore, Berzelius stated that the French chemists had made their discoveries independently of any knowledge of Runge's work or of each other's work. Berzelius states on page 180: "Cafein is eine Materie im Kaffee, die zu gleicher Zeit, 1821, von Robiquet und [von] Pelletier und Caventou entdekt wurde, von denen aber keine etwas darüber im Drucke bekannt machte." (Caffeine is a substance in coffee, which simultaneously, in 1821, was discovered by Robiquet and by Pelletier and Caventou, by whom however nothing was made known about it in print.)<br /><br />In Pelletier's article on caffeine – "Cafeine", [http://books.google.com/books?id=rFw_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false pages 35–36] in ''Dictionnaire de Médecine'' (Paris, France: Béchet Jeune, April 1822), vol. 4 – Pelletier himself corroborates Berzelius's account: "Cafeine, s. f. Principe cristallisable décovert dans le café en 1821 par M. Robiquet. A la mème époque, cherchant la quinine dans le café, parce que le café, considéré par plusieurs médecins come fébrifuge, est d'ailleurs de la mème famille que le quinquina, MM. Pelletier et Caventou obtenaient de leur côté la cafeine; mais leur recherches n'ayant qu'un but indirect, et n'ayant pas été terminées, laissent à M. Robiquet la priorité sur cet objet. Nous ignorons pourquoi M. Robiquet n'a pas publié l'analyse du café qu'il a lue à la société de pharmacie. Sa publication nous aurait permis de mieux faire connaître la cafeine, et de donner des idées exactes sur la composition du café...." (Caffeine, noun (feminine). Crystalizable substance discovered in coffee in 1821 by Mr. Robiquet. During the same period – while they were searching for quinine in coffee because coffee is considered by several doctors to be a medicine that reduces fevers and because coffee belongs to the same family as the cinchona [quinine] tree – on their part, Mssrs. Pelletier and Caventou obtained caffeine; but because their research had a different goal and because their research had not been finished, they left priority on this subject to Mr. Robiquet. We will ignore why Mr. Robiquet has not published the analysis of coffee which he read to the Pharmacy Society. Its publication would allow us to make caffeine better known and give us accurate ideas of coffee's composition
Kabèh atom nitrogen kafeina ing sabenere planar ([[hibridisasi orbital]] sp<sup>2</sup>), nyebapake molekul kafeina sipate [[aromatik]]. amerga kafeina kanti gampang diisakakake minangka produk samping
== Cathetan sikil ==
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