Basa Afrikaans: Béda antara owahan

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Top4Bot (parembugan | pasumbang)
→‎Kitab Injil Pertalan Afrikaans: éjaan, replaced: sadhurungé → sadurungé
Top4Bot (parembugan | pasumbang)
éjaan, replaced: nganthi → nganti (4)
Larik 39:
==Sajarah==
===Asal-usul===
Basa Afrikaans Tmula ana ing Koloni Landa ing laladan Cape (Tanjung), lumantar nyempal saka dhialèk Landa Eropa, sajeroning abad 18.<ref name="omniglot.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/afrikaans.htm |title=Afrikaans |work=Omniglot |accessdate=22 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/8437/Afrikaans-language |title=Afrikaans language |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |accessdate=22 September 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831105055/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/8437/Afrikaans-language|archivedate=31 August 2010 <!--DASHBot-->|deadurl=no }}</ref> Ing pramila abad 18 lan nganthinganti abad 20, Basa Afrikaans ing Basa Landa dianggep kanthi "kitchen language" utawa Basa Pawonan ({{lang-af|kombuistaal|links=no}}), lan kurang géngsiné, uga diarani basa ngisoré Basa Landa sing umum ''{{lang|nl|Kaaps Hollands}}'' ("Cape Dutch," i.e. Afrikaans) ''{{lang|nl|geradbraakt}}," ''{{lang|nl|gebroken}}'' anf ''{{lang|nl|onbeschaafd Hollands}}'' ("Basa Landa Ndhésa"), saliyané diarani ''{{lang|nl|verkeerd Nederlands}}'' ("Basa Landa Salah").<ref>Alatis, Hamilton, Ai-Hui Tan (2002). ''Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 2000: Linguistics, Language and the Professions: Education, Journalism, Law, Medicine, and Technology." Washington, DC: University Press. ISBN 978-0-87840-373-8, p. 132.</ref><ref>Keith Brown and Sarah Ogilvie, eds. (2008). ''Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World." Oxford, UK: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7, p. 8.</ref> Kira-kira 90 nganthinganti 95% tetembungan Basa Afrikaans mula saka Basa Landa,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIivedw-oZYC |title=Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics |accessdate=23 August 2008 |first=Rajend |last=Mesthrie |publisher=New Africa Books |page=214 |year=1995 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GeUUAAAAIAAJ |title=The Dutch Language: A Survey |page=132 |first=Pierre |last1=Brachin |first2=Paul |last2=Vincent |publisher=Brill Archive |accessdate=3 November 2008 |year=1985 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqaGb_SEQHUC |title=Language in South Africa |page=205 |accessdate=18 May 2010 |first=Rajend |last=Mesthrie |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2002 }}</ref> lan ana pambédha ing tetembungan antaraning rong basa iki;<ref>{{harvnb|Sebba|1997|p=161}}</ref> nanging Afrikaans duwé morpologi sing luwih katon,<ref name="holm"/> paramasastra lan éjan.<ref name="sebba">{{cite book |ref=harv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRT_jZl39AMC |title=Contact languages: pidgins and creoles |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first=Mark |last=Sebba |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=1997 }}</ref> Ana tataran silihmangertèn utawa [[mutual intelligibility]] antara rong basa kasebut,<ref name="holm">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PcD7p9y3EIcC |title=Pidgins and Creoles: References survey |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first=John A. |last=Holm |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=338 |year=1989 }}</ref><ref name="baker">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgtSqB9oqDIC |title=Encyclopedia of bilingualism and bilingual education |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first1=Colin |last1=Baker |first2=Sylvia |last2=Prys Jones |publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd. |page=302 |year=1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zlUp5Xuc8C |title=Language change: contributions to the study of its causes |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first1=Leiv |last1=Egil Breivik |first2=Ernst |last2=Håkon Jahr |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |page=232 |year=1987 }}</ref> mligané ing panulisan.<ref name="sebba"/><ref name="sebba2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHgsfADZF9IC |title=Spelling and society: the culture and politics of orthography around the world |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first=Mark |last=Sebba |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2007 }}</ref><ref name="gooskens"/>
 
Basa Afrikaans olèh njupuk silihan tetembungan lan paramasastra saka basa-basa liyané kaya ta acquired [[Basa Melayu]], [[Basa Khoisan]], [[Basa Portugis]],<ref name="deumert">{{cite book |ref=harv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ciimg5gGqQC |title=Language Standardization and Language Change: The Dynamics of Cape Dutch |accessdate=10 November 2008 |work=Ana Deumert |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |year=2004 |page=22 }}</ref> lan [[Basa-basa Bantu]],<ref name="niesler">{{cite book |ref=harv |url=http://academic.sun.ac.za/su_clast/documents/SALALS2005.pdf |first1=Thomas |last1=Niesler |first2=Philippa |last2=Louw |first3=Justus |last3=Roux |year=2005 |title=Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases |journal=Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=459–474}}</ref> and Afrikaans has also been significantly influenced by [[South African English]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lycos.com/info/afrikaans--standard-afrikaans.html |title=Afrikaans: Standard Afrikaans |publisher=Lycos Retriever |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120182430/http://www.lycos.com/info/afrikaans--standard-afrikaans.html |archivedate=20 November 2011 }}</ref> Nanging, panyatur Basa Landa kerep ngadhepi luwih sithik kebingungan yèn ngrungokaké panyatur basa Afrikaans tinimbang kosok baliné.<ref name="gooskens"/><!--see page 460--> Silihpangertèn iki ora sepadan, amarga panyatur Basa Landa luwih bisa reti Afrikaans tinimbang sewaliké.<ref name="gooskens">{{cite journal |url=http://www.let.rug.nl/gooskens/pdf/publ_JMMD_2007.pdf |title=The Contribution of Linguistic Factors to the Intelligibility of Closely Related Languages |first1=Charlotte |last1=Gooskens |journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development |volume=28 |issue=6 |date=November 2007 |pages=445–467 |publisher=[[University of Groningen]] |accessdate=19 May 2010 }}</ref><!--see page 464--> Lumrahé, silihpangertèn antaraning Landa lan Afrikaans luwih gedhé tinimbang Landa lan [[Basa Frisia]]<ref name="thije">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gIEN068J3gC |title=Receptive Multilingualism: Linguistic analyses, language policies and didactic concepts |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first1= Jan D. |last1=ten Thije |first2=Ludger |last2=Zeevaert |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |page=17 |year=2007}}</ref> utawa antaraning [[Basa-Basa Jermanik Lor]] kaya ta [[Basa]] lan [[Basa Swedia]].<ref name="gooskens"/><!--see page 463--> Panulis lan juru gurit Afrika Kidul ya iku Breyten Breytenbach, njajal nggambaraké adoh-adohing basa kanthi [[Dunya Panyatur Inggris]] lan nemu yèn bédhané Basa Landa Baku lan Afrikaans mèh padha karo antaraning Basa Inggris Baku [[Receive Pronunciation]] lan [[Basa Inggris Amérika Sarékat Kidul]].<ref>S. Linfield, interview in Salmagundi; 2000.</ref>
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===Pangakon===
Mulané Afrikaans dianggep pérangan dhialèk Basa Landa ing Afrika Kidul nganthinganti pramila abad 20, nalika basa iki diakoni dadi basa sing séjé ing undhang-undhang Afrika Kidul, bebarengan karo Basa Landa baku, sing akiré Afrikaans ngganthèni dadi salah sawijining basa resmi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keylanguages.com/new_english/afrikaans.html |title=Afrikaans Language Courses in London |publisher=Keylanguages.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812185524/http://www.keylanguages.com/new_english/afrikaans.html |archivedate=12 August 2007 |date= |accessdate=22 September 2010 }}</ref>
 
Sadurungé [[Perang Boer]] (1880-1881 lan1899-1902), "lan pirang taun sakbaré, basa Afrikaans dianggep ora patut kanggo pandhdikan. Malahan dianggep kaya ‘basa pawonan’ utawa ‘basa kasar’, sing pantes dadi sesambungan antaraning wong Boers menyang." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/emoryac/detail.action?docID=10096117|title=Language Planning & Policy S. : Language Planning and Policy in Africa : Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique and South Africa|last=Kaplan and Baldauf|first=Robert B. and Richard B.|dead-url=|access-date=March 30, 2017}}</ref> Nanging, 23 taun sawisé Perang Boer Kapindo babar ing taun 1902, lan uga amarga upayané Gerakan Basa Afrikans ( the Afrikans Language Movement )<ref name=":0" /> ing tanggal 8 Mèi 1925, Undhang-Undang Basa Resmi No 8 taun 1925 (the Official Languages of the Union Act No 8 of 1925) diloloské ing parembugan Déwan Rakyat lan Sènat,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/afrikaans-becomes-official-language-union-south-africa|title=Afrikaans becomes the official language of the Union of South Africa|last=|first=|date=16 March 2011|website=South African History Online|dead-url=|access-date=March 30, 2017}}</ref> lan wayah iku Basa “Landa" dilebokaké dadi salah sawijining basa resmi kalebu uga Afrikaans. Nanging, ing Undhang-Undhang Dhasar Afrika Selatan taun 1961 ngganthi posisi Afrikaans lan Landa, akiré Basa Inggris lan Afrikaans dadi basa resmi najan uga nglebokaké Basa Landa. Nanging tembung Basa Landa ora disebut manèh ing Undhang-Undhang Dhasar anyar taun 1983.
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Ahli basa Paul Roberge njelasaké yèn tulisan ‘Afrikaans asli’ sing paling pramila iku [[doggerel|serat doggerel]] saka taun 1795 lan guneman sing ditulisaké déning musapir Landa 1825. Tulisan cithak pramila antaraning Afrikaner mung nganggo basa Landa Éropah. Nanging ing tengahing abad 19, luwih akèh ditulis ing Afrikaans, sing nalika semono isih dianggep dhialèk enggon-enggonan.
 
Ing 1861, L.H. Meurant nerbitaké buku sing judhulé ''{{lang|af|Zamenspraak tusschen Klaas Waarzegger en Jan Twyfelaar}}'' ("Guneman antaraning Claus Truthsayer lan John Doubter"), sing dianggep tulisan basa Afrikaans sing bener. {{citation needed|date=January 2013}} Sawetara, [[Abu Bakr Effendi]] uga nulis buku pedoman Islam ing panulisan [[Arab Afrikaans]] ing taun 1862 nganthinganti 1869, nanging nembé diterbitaké lan disebaraké ing taun 1877. Bausastra lan buku paramasastra pratama basa Afrikaans diterbitaké taun 1875 déning ''{{lang|af|[[Genootskap vir Regte Afrikaners]]}}'' ("Society for Real Afrikaners")ing kutha [[Cape Town]].{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
 
[[File:Graham Maclachlan - Gevaar Slagysters.jpg|thumb|left|Tetenger ing Afrikaans: ''{{lang|af|Gevaar Slagysters}}'' utawa "Awas jeglongan"]]