Bari: Béda antara owahan

'''Bari''' kuwi sawijining comune ing [[provinsi]] Bari, region [[Apulia]] (utawa, ing [[basa Italia]], ''Puglia''), ing pinggir [[Segara Adriatik]], ing [[Italia]]. Tlatah iki minangka pusat ekonomiékonomi kaloro ing wewengkon Italia kidul, lan misuwur kanthi pelabuhané lan minangka kutha universitas, lan kutha [[Saint Nicholas|Saint Nicholas saka Bari]]. Pedunungé 328,458 ana ing tlatah kang jembaré 116  km², déné pedunung kang ana ing kutha ana 653,028 ing tlatah kang jembaré luwih saka 203  km² (Cacahé nambah kanthi cepet). Watara 500,000 pedunung manggon ana ing tlatah metropolitan.

Bari was put on the political map of the region in [[852]] when it became a center of [[Arab]] power for a generation, under the emir [[Kahfun]] and latter under an emir whose name is unknown and then under [[Sawdan]] (see [[History of Islam in southern Italy]]). The city was reconquered by the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] in [[870]]. In [[885]], it became the residence of the local Byzantine ''[[catapan]]'', or governor. The failed revolt ([[1009]]-[[1011]]) of the Lombard nobles [[Melus of Bari]] and his brother-in-law Dattus, against the Byzantine governorate, though it was firmly repressed at the [[Battle of Cannae (1018)]], offered their Norman adventurer allies a first foothold in the region. In [[1025]], under the [[Byzantius, Archbishop of Bari|Archbishop Byzantius]], Bari became attached to the see of Rome and was granted provincial status.

In [[1071]], Bari was captured by [[Robert Guiscard]], following a [[Siege of Bari|three-year siege]]. [[Maio of Bari]] (d. [[1160]]), a Lombard merchant's son, was the third of the great admirals of Norman Sicily. The [[Basilica di San Nicola (Bari)|Basilica di San Nicola]] was founded in [[1087]] to receive the relics of this saint, which were surreptitiously brought from [[Myra]] in [[Lycia]], in Byzantine territory. The saint began his development from Saint Nicolas of Myra into [[Saint Nicholas|Saint Nicolas of Bari]] and began to attract pilgrims, whose encouragement and care became central to the economy of Bari. In [[1095]] [[Peter the Hermit]] preached the [[first crusade]] there. In October [[1098]], [[Urban II]], who had consecrated the Basilica in [[1089]], convened the '''Council of Bari''', one of a series of synods convoked with the intention of reconciling the Greeks and Latins on the question of the [[filioque]] clause in the Creed, which [[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]] ably defended, seated at the pope's side. The Greeks were not brought over to the Latin way of thinking, and the [[Great Schism]] was inevitable.

A [[civil war]] broke out in Bari in [[1117]] with the murder of the archbishop, Riso. Control of Bari was seized by [[Grimoald Alferanites]], a native Lombard, and he was elected lord in opposition to the Normans. By [[1123]], he had increased ties with [[Byzantium]] and [[Venice]] and taken the title ''gratia Dei et beati Nikolai barensis princeps''. Grimoald increased the cult of St Nicholas in his city. He later did homage to [[Roger II of Sicily]], but rebelled and was defeated in [[1132]].

[[Isabella of Naples|Isabella di Aragona]], princess of Naples and widow of the Duke of Milan [[Gian Galeazzo Sforza]], enlarged the castle, which she made her residence, [[1499]]-[[1524]]. After the death of [[Bona Sforza]], Queen of Poland, Bari came to be included in the [[Kingdom of Naples]] and its history contracted to a local one, as [[malaria]] became endemic in the region. Bari was wakened from its provincial somnolence by Napoleon's brother-in-law [[Joachim Murat]]. As Napoleonic King of Naples Murat ordered the building in [[1808]] of a new section of the city, laid out on a rational grid plan, which bears his name today as the ''Murattiano''. Under this stimulus, Bari developed into the most important port city of the region. The legacy of [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] can be seen in the imposing architecture along the seafront.

Through a tragic coincidence intended by neither of the opposing sides in [[World War II]], Bari gained the unwelcome distinction of being the only European city to experience [[chemical warfare]] in the course of that war.

On the direct orders of Churchill records were destroyed and the whole affair was kept secret for many years after the war. Indeed, even today, many "Baresi" are still unaware of what happened and why. Up to the present, there is a considerable dispute as to the number of fatalities. In one account: "[s]ixty-nine deaths were attributed in whole or in part to the mustard gas, most of them American merchant seamen" [http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq104-4.htm]; others put it as high as "more than one thousand Allied servicemen and more than one thousand [Italian] civilians" [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1889901210]. Part of the confusion and controversy derives from the fact that the German attack, which became nicknamed "The Little Pearl Harbor", was highly destructive and lethal in itself, apart from the effects of the gas. Attribution of the causes of death to the gas, as distinct from the direct effects of the German attack, have proved far from easy.

An important example of Apulian [[Romanesque architecture]], the church has a simple [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] façade with three portals; in the upper part is a rose window decorated with monstruous and fantasy figures. The interior has a nave and two aisles, divided by sixteen columns with arcades. The crypt houses the relics of St. Sabinus and the icon of the ''Madonna Odigitria''.

Fire-bombed in the early 1990s, the Petruzzelli theatre had been one of the grandest opera houses in Italy after [[La Scala]] in Milan and the [[San Carlo Theatre]] in Naples. Host to many famous opera and ballet greats throughout the last century, the shell of the Petruzzelli in Corso Cavour is subject to an ongoing restructuing project. Although seemingly slow, the theatre should re-open its doors before 2010.