Plutonium

Plutonium yakuwi sawijining unsur kimia jroning tabel périodik kang nduwèni lambang Pu lan nomer atom 94. Piyambakipun punika unsur radioaktif transuranium ingkang langka lan punika logam aktinida kaliyan penampilan ingkang gadhah warni pèthak keperakan. Ing wanci tèrpapar kaliyan udara, Piyambakipun badhé ngusam amargi pembentukan plutonium(IV) oksida ingkang nutupi lumah logam. Unsur punika ing dasaripun gadhah enèm alotrop lan sèkawan keadaan oksidasi. Piyambakipun bèreaksi kaliyan karbon, halogen, nitrogen, lan silikon. Manawi nembé terpapar kaliyan kelembaban udara, Piyambakipun badhé mbèntuk oksida lan hidrida kaliyan volume 70% langkung ageng lan dados bubuk ingkang saged nyala kanthi spontan. Piyambakipun ugi merupakan racun radiologis ingkang saged berakumulasi ing sungsum balung. Manawi punika sipat-sipat kados ta makaten, prosès penanganan plutonium cekua mbebayani, manawi tingkat toksisitas sadayanipun logam punika kadang-kadang langkung dipunagèng-agnègakèn.

Karakteristik besut

Fisik besut

amergi kawontenan Pu-240 ing plutonium ingkang dipunkasilaken déning reaktor, désain implosi dipunrembagaken ing senjata "Fat Man" lan Trinity"

Sami kados ta logam-logam sanèsipun, plutonium gadhah penampilan pérak mengkilat.Anangng ing wanci terpapar kaliyan udara bébas, plutonium(IV) oksida badhé dumadi kaliyan cepat lan ndamel logam mau dados kusam kelabu. Sanèsipun punika warni kuning lan ijem zaitun ugi naté dipunlaporaken.^[1]^[2] Ing suhu kamar, plutonium wonten ing wujud alotop alfanya. Wujud alotrop punika ingkang merupakan wujud ingkang paling umum lan gadhah tingkat kekerasan kados ta besi cor, sanèsipun manawi piyambakipun dialoi kaliyan logam sanèsipun lan ndamel dados lunak lan saged kaliyan gampil dipunewahi bentuk.^[1] Benten kaliyan kathah jinis logam, plutonium boten konduktor panas lan listrik ingkang saé.^[1] Piyambakipun gadhah titik leleh ingkang cendhèk (640 °C) lan titik didih ingkang sangat inggil (3,327 °C).^[1] Emisi partikel alfa manawi ing pelepasan inti helium berenergi inggil inggih punika wujud radiasi paling umum ingkang dipunpancaraken déning plutonium.^[3] Panas ingkang dipunlepasaken ngantos pelepasan lan deselerasi partikel-partikel alfa punika ndamel plutonium kaliyan ukuran sami kaliyan bola sofbol raosipun anget manawi dipunsentuh, manawi kanggé massa plutonium ingkang langkung ageng, piyambakipun saged ndidihkan satunggal liter toya ing wekdal pinten-pinten menit (bervariasi nggumantung ing komposisi isotop).^[4]^[5]

Alotrop besut

Plutonium gadhah enem alotrop ing tekanan biyasa: alfa (α), beta (β), gamma (γ), delta (δ), delta prime (δ′), & epsilon (ε)^[6]

Plutonium limrahipun gadhah enem alotrop. Ing temperatur ingkang inggil lan jangka tekanan katamtu, alotrop kaping pitu (zeta, ζ) saged dumadi.^[6] Alotrop-alotrop piyambakipun gadhah tingkat ènergi ingkang hampir sami, nanging densitas lan struktur kristal ingkang bènten-bènten. Hal punika ndamel plutonium sangat sensitif kaliyan kaewahan temperatur, tekanan, lan lingkungan kimiawi. Sanèsipun punika, kaewahan volume ingkang dramatis ngantos transisi fase saking satunggal alotrop ing alotrop sanèsipun ugi memungkinkan.^[7] Boten kados ta bahan-bahan sanèsipun, densitas plutonium badhé meningkat manawi piyambakipun meleleh (sebesar 2,5%). Nanging cuwèran logam plutonium punika piyambak nedahaken penurunan kanthi linear ing densitasnya seiring kaliyan ningkataken temperatur.^[8] Densitas pinten-pinten alotrop plutonium sawatawis saking 16,00 g/cm³ ngantos kaliyan 19,86 g/cm³.^[9]

Fisi nuklir besut

Plutonium punika logam aktinida radioaktif. Isotop plutonium-239 (Pu-239) punika salah satunggaling saking tiga isotop fisil utama^[10] (sisanya inggih punika uranium-233 lan uranium-235).^[11] Supados saged dipunanggep dados fisil, inti atom sebuah isotop kedah saged memecah (fisi) manawi dipuntembakaken kaliyan neutron lan ngelepasaken sejumlah neutron tambahan ingkang cekap kanggé mempertahankan reaksi berantai nuklir kaliyan memecahkan inti salajengipun.

Cathetan suku besut

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d NIH contributors. "Plutonium, Radioactive". Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders (WISER). Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Dibukak ing 2008-11-23. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (pitulung) (public domain text)
↑ ARQ staff (2008). "Nitric acid processing". Actinide Research Quarterly. Los Alamos (NM): Los Alamos National Laboratory (3rd quarter). Dibukak ing 2009-02-15. While plutonium dioxide is normally olive green, samples can be various colors. It is generally believed that the color is a function of chemical purity, stoichiometry, particle size, and method of preparation, although the color resulting from a given preparation method is not always reproducible.
↑ Masalah sitiran: Tenger <ref> ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jeneng NNDC
↑ Masalah sitiran: Tenger <ref> ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jeneng Heiserman1992
↑ Rhodes, Richard (1986). The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster. kc. 659–660. ISBN 0-671-65719-4. Leona Marshall: "When you hold a lump of it in your hand, it feels warm, like a live rabbit"
↑ ^a ^b Baker, Richard D. (1983). "Plutonium: A Wartime Nightmare but a Metallurgist's Dream" (PDF). Los Alamos Science. Los Alamos National Laboratory: 148, 150–151. Dibukak ing 2009-02-15. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (pitulung)
↑ Hecker, Siegfried S. (2000). "Plutonium and its alloys: from atoms to microstructure" (PDF). Los Alamos Science. 26: 290–335. Dibukak ing 2009-02-15.
↑ Miner 1968, kc. 544
↑ Masalah sitiran: Tenger <ref> ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jeneng CRC2006p4-27
↑ Masalah sitiran: Tenger <ref> ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jeneng Stwertka1998
↑ EPA contributors (2008). "Fissile Material". Radiation Glossary. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Dibukak ing 2008-11-23. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (pitulung)

Pranala njaba besut

"A Perspective on the Dangers of Plutonium" by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Archived 2006-09-29 at the Wayback Machine.
Collection of articles on plutonium at the Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility
The Myth of Plutonium Toxicity
Criticality Accidents Report Issued
Nuclear Weapons: Disposal Options for Surplus Weapons-Usable Plutonium
Unraveling the Phase Diagram of Plutonium Archived 2006-09-29 at the Wayback Machine.
Physical, Nuclear, and Chemical, Properties of Plutonium from IEER
Los Alamos National Laboratory — Plutonium Archived 2004-10-17 at the Wayback Machine.
It's Elemental — Plutonium
DOE Plutonium fact sheet (PDF) Archived 2007-06-30 at the Wayback Machine.
End of the Plutonium Age Archived 2006-08-08 at the Wayback Machine., D. Samuels, Discover Magazine, vol. 26, no. 11 (November, 2005).
WebElements.com — Plutonium
EnvironmentalChemistry.com — Plutonium (JavaScript required)
Federation of American Scientists — Plutonium production Archived 2011-09-05 at the Wayback Machine.
nuclearweaponarchive.org — Plutonium Manufacture and Fabrication
Ambient pressure phase diagram of plutonium — A unified theory for α-Pu and δ-Pu Archived 2008-02-13 at the Wayback Machine., P. Söderlind, Europhys. Lett., 55 (4), p. 525 (2001).
Nuclear Files.org Archived 2011-06-21 at the Wayback Machine. Information regarding world plutonium inventories
"Challenges in Plutonium Science" — Special issue of Los Alamos Science from 2000 dedicated to scientific work on plutonium.

Cithakan:Tabel periodik unsur kimia

[WISER-1] NIH contributors. "Plutonium, Radioactive". Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders (WISER). Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Dibukak ing 2008-11-23. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (pitulung) (public domain text)

[2] ARQ staff (2008). "Nitric acid processing". Actinide Research Quarterly. Los Alamos (NM): Los Alamos National Laboratory (3rd quarter). Dibukak ing 2009-02-15. While plutonium dioxide is normally olive green, samples can be various colors. It is generally believed that the color is a function of chemical purity, stoichiometry, particle size, and method of preparation, although the color resulting from a given preparation method is not always reproducible.

[NNDC-3] Masalah sitiran: Tenger <ref> ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jeneng NNDC

[Heiserman1992-4] Masalah sitiran: Tenger <ref> ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jeneng Heiserman1992

[5] Rhodes, Richard (1986). The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster. kc. 659–660. ISBN 0-671-65719-4. Leona Marshall: "When you hold a lump of it in your hand, it feels warm, like a live rabbit"

[Baker1983-6] Baker, Richard D. (1983). "Plutonium: A Wartime Nightmare but a Metallurgist's Dream" (PDF). Los Alamos Science. Los Alamos National Laboratory: 148, 150–151. Dibukak ing 2009-02-15. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (pitulung)

[HeckerPlutonium-7] Hecker, Siegfried S. (2000). "Plutonium and its alloys: from atoms to microstructure" (PDF). Los Alamos Science. 26: 290–335. Dibukak ing 2009-02-15.

[Miner1968p544-8] Miner 1968, kc. 544

[CRC2006p4-27-9] Masalah sitiran: Tenger <ref> ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jeneng CRC2006p4-27

[Stwertka1998-10] Masalah sitiran: Tenger <ref> ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jeneng Stwertka1998

[11] EPA contributors (2008). "Fissile Material". Radiation Glossary. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Dibukak ing 2008-11-23. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (pitulung)

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