Gègèr Pacinan: Béda antara owahan

'''Gègèr Pacinan''' (uga dikenal minangka '''Tragedi Angke'''; ana ing {{lang-nl|'''Chinezenmoord'''}}, sing tegesé "Matèni wong Cina") ya iku salah sawijining pogram kanggo wong katurunan Cina ing kutha plabuhan [[Batavia]], [[Hindhia-Walanda]] (saiki [[Daerah Khusus Kutha krajanIbukota Jakarta|Jakarta]]). Panindhesan ing [[kutha]] saka 9 Oktober 1740 nganti 22 Oktober; manéka warna paprangan cilik-cilik nganti tekan sasi November 1740.

Awité anggota [[Dhéwan Hindhia]] ({{lang|nl|''Raad van Indië''}}) nganggep yèn wong Tionghoa ora bakal nyerang Batavia,{{sfn|Pan|1994|pp=35–36}} lan kawicaksanan sing luwih tegas bab ngatur wong Tionghoa, ditentang fraksi sing kapimpin déning mantan gubernur Zeylan [[Gustaaf Willem baron van Imhoff]], sing bali menyang Batavia taun 1738.{{sfn|Dharmowijono|2009|pp=297–298}}{{sfn|van Hoëvell|1840|p=460}}{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica 2011, Gustaaf Willem}} Nanging, katurunan wong Tionghoa tekan ing piggiran Batavia, lan tanggal 28 September Valckenier lan anggota dhéwan rapat darurat. Ing rapat iku, Valckenier mréntah supaya ontran-ontran sing asalé saka wong Tionghoa bisa diaké kanthi kakerasan. {{sfn|Setiono|2008|pp=111–113}} Nanging kaputusan iku ditentang déning fraksi van Imhoff; Vermeulen (1938){{efn|Dalam {{cite book|title = De Chineezen te Batavia en de troebelen van 1740|trans_title = Warga Tionghoa di Batavia dan Masaalah Pada Tahun 1740|last = Vermeulen|first = Johannes Theodorus|year = 1938|language = BelandaWalanda|publisher = Proefschrift|location = Leiden }}{{sfn|Dharmowijono|2009|p=298}}}} sing nduwèni panemu kategangan rong fraksi iku nduwèni peranan ing pambantéan.{{sfn|Dharmowijono|2009|p=298}}

Akèh Sejarawan sing nyathet yèn 10.000 wong Cina sing ana ing kutha Batavia dipatèni. Watara 600 nganti 700 omah diobong lan dijarah. {{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=119}}{{sfn|van Hoëvell|1840|pp=491–492}} Vermeulen nyatet yen 600 wong Tionghoa slamet,{{sfn|Dharmowijono|2009|p=300}} déné sejarawan IndonesiaIndonésia A.R.T. Kemasang nyathet 3.000 jiwa sing slamet.{{sfn|Kemasang|1982|p=68}} Dene Sejarawan Tionghoa-IndonesiaIndonésia Benny G. Setiono nyathet yèn 500 tahanan lan pasin rumah sakit dipatèni,{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=119}} dene jumlah wong sing slamet 3.431. {{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=121}} Sawisé ontran-ontran iki banjur ana periode sing rawan ana ing pulo Jawa, ya iku pambantéan marang warga Cina. Ing [[Semarang]] taun 1741, ing [[Surabaya]] lan [[Gresik]].{{sfn|Kemasang|1981|p=137}}Minangka dadi salah sawijining syarat kanggo nglereni ontran-ontran, kabèh wong Batavia keturunan Tionghoa dipindhahaké menyang ''[[pacinan]]'' ing cedhak wates kutha Batavia, sing saiki dadi [[Glodok]]. Iki maraaké wong Walanda gampang ngawasi wong Tionghoa. {{sfn|Setiono|2008|pp=120–121}} Kanggo lunga saka ''pacinan'', wong Cina mbutuhake tikèt khusus. {{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=130}} Nanging taun 1743, wis ana atusan bakul Tionghoa sing bakulan ana ing Batavia. {{sfn|Armstrong|Armstrong|Mulliner|2001|p=32}} Wong Tionghoa liya dipimpin déning Khe Pandjang{{sfn|Dharmowijono|2009|p=301}} ngungsi menyang [[Jawa Tengah]], wong-wong Tionghoa nggabung melu widyabala sing dipimpin déning Sultan [[Kesultanan Mataram|Mataram]], [[Pakubuwana II]]. Sanajan perang wis rampung taun 1743, {{sfn|Setiono|2008|pp=135–137}} nanging sasuwéné 17 taun isih ana konflik ing Jawa. {{sfn|Ricklefs|2001|p=121}}Tanggal 6 Desember 1740 van Imhoff lan 2 anggota Dhéwan Hindhia ditangkep amarga dituduh mbangkang karo Valckenier lan tanggal 13 Januari 1741, wong-wong mau dikirim menyang Walanda nganggo kapal sing béda;{{sfn|Geyl|1962|p=339}}{{sfn|van Eck|1899|p=160}} tekan Walanda tanggal 19 September 1741. Ing Walanda, van Imhoff ngyakinaké Heeren XVII, sing nyekel saham utama [[Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie|VOC]], yen Valckenier sing marakaké ana ontran-ontran ing Batavia, uga [[pidato]] sing judulé "Consideratiën over den tegenwoordigen staat van de Ned. O.I. Comp." ("Pertimbangan amarga Kaanan Mutakhir ing Hindhia-BelandaWalanda") tanggal 24 November.{{sfn|Blok|Molhuysen|1927|pp=632–633}}{{sfn|Raat|2010|p=81}} Akibat saka pidato mau, van Imhoff lan anggota dhéwan liya dibebasaké ska tuntutan.{{sfn|van Eck|1899|p=161}} Tanggal 27 Oktober 1742, van Imhoff dikirim manèh menyang Batavia nganggo kapal ''Hersteller'' dadi Gubernur Jenderal Hindhia-Walanda sing anyar. Dheweké tekan Batavia tanggal 26 Mei 1743.{{sfn|Blok|Molhuysen|1927|pp=632–633}}{{sfn|Setiono|2008|pp=125–126}}{{sfn|Geyl|1962|p=341}}

Valckenier olèh layang yèèn dhèwèké arep digantèkaké déning van Imhoff dadi gubernur Jendral tahun 1741;{{sfn|Vanvugt|1985|p=106}} versi liya ya iku Heeren XVII ngganti Valckenier minangka ukuman akibat kakean ngekspor gula ora kopi taun 1739, sing ndadèkaké VOC rugi.{{sfn|Ricklefs|2001|p=124}}{{sfn|Raat|2010|p=82}} Nalika Valckenier oleh surat iku, van Imhoff isih nenging ndalan arep menyang Wakanda. Valckenier lunga saka Hindhia-Walanda tanggal 6 November 1741, sakwisé milih [[Johannes Thedens]] dadi gantiné tekan van Imhoff bali menyang Batavia. Tanggal 25 Januari 1742 dheweké tekan [[Cape Town]] nanging ditangkep lan diselidiki déning Gubernur Hendrik Swellengrebel saka prentahé Heeren XVII. Valckenier dikirim manèh menyang Batavia Agustus 1742, dheweké ditahan ing Benteng Batavia, telung sasi banjur digugat marang pirang-pirang tuntutan kalebu tuntutan Gègèr Pacinan. {{sfn|Stellwagen|1895|p=227}} Maret 1744, dheweké disalahké lan dituntut ukuman mati lan bandhané disita. {{sfn|Blok|Molhuysen|1927|pp=1220–1221}} Desember 1744, Valckenier gawé pernyataan kanggo mbela awake dhewé. {{sfn|Geyl|1962|p=341}}{{sfn|Vanvugt|1985|pp=92–95, 106–107}}{{sfn|Blok|Molhuysen|1927|p=1220}} Valckenier njaluk luwih akeh bukti marang Walanda, nanging seda ing Tahanan tanggal 20 Juni 1751, sakdurungé penyelidikané rampung. Ukuman mati dibatalaké taun 1755.{{sfn|Setiono|2008|pp=125–126}}{{sfn|Blok|Molhuysen|1927|p=1220}} Vermeulen ngomong yen ukuman Valckenier ora adil amarga mung saka amarahé wong Walanda. {{sfn|Terpstra|1939|p=246}} Kuwi mau banjur diakoni kanthi resmi, sebab taun 1760, anaké Valckenier, Adriaan Isaäk Valckenier, oleh ganti rugi 725.000 [[Gulden Hindhia-Walanda|gulden]].{{sfn|Blok|Molhuysen|1927|p=1221}}

Sejarawan asal Walanda [[Leonard Blussé]] nulis yèn Gègèr Pacinan ndadèkaké kutha Batavia tuwuh ngrembaka, nanging agawé dikotomi antarané [[ètnik|ètnis]] Tionghoa lan pribumi isih krasa nganti tekan pungkasan [[abad ka-20]].{{sfn|Blussé|1981|p=96}} Ontran-ontran iki uga ndadèkaké asal jeneng-jeneng sawetara dhaérahlaladan ing Jakarta. Kayata [[Tanah Abang, Jakarta Pusat|Tanah Abang]]m ya iku amarga akèh wong Tionghoa sing dipatèni ana ing kana; van Hoëvell nduwèni panemu yèn jeneng iku dianggo supaya wong Tionghoa slamet saka pogrom lan luwih cepet nrima [[amnèsti]].{{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=115}}{{sfn|van Hoëvell|1840|p=510}} Jeneng [[Rawa Bunga, Jatinagara, Jakarta Wétan|Rawa Bangke]] dijupuk saka tembung ''bangkai'' utaea jisim, amarga wong Tionghoa akèh sing dipatèni ana ing panggonan iku. {{sfn|Setiono|2008|p=115}}

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