Républik Srepska: Béda antara owahan
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
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{{redirect|Srpska|désa tuwa ing [[Zeta]], [[Montenegro Lawas]]|Srpska, Montenegro}}
{{Infobox Country
|native_name = Република Српска<br />
|conventional_long_name =
|common_name =
|image_flag = Flag of
|image_coat =
|symbol_type = Emblem
|national_motto = <!--"[motto]"-->
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|other_symbol = [[Saint Stephen]]<sup>1</sup>
|image_map = BH municipality location.svg
|map_caption = Location of [[
|image_map2 = Europe location RS.png
|map_caption2 = Location [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]<br />on the [[Europe|European continent]]
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|image_map3 =
|footnotes = <!--Even though the Constitutional Court has ruled against and even in favor of individual national symbols on entity flags/coats of arms/anthem (RS and FBiH), the Constitutional Court has, in a spontaneous decision, decided that national symbols are to be banned from entity flags, coats of arms, and anthem (anthem applies to RS only, since FBiH does not have one) The decision was passed on [[January 29]], [[2007]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ustavnisud.ba/bos/press/index.php?pid=1365&sta=3&pkat=125 |author=Ustavni sud Bosnie i Hercegovina |work=Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina |title=Završena XXXVII plenarna sjednica (Completed 37th plenary session)|date=2007-01-27 |accessdate=2007-04-19}}</ref> This decision entered into force upon its publication in the Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina on [[March 31]] [[2007]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccbh.ba/eng/press/index.php?pid=1744&sta=3&pkat=507 |title=Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina 34th plenary session, second day |work=Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina |date=2007-03-31 |accessdate=2008-02-02}}</ref>
|footnote1 = St. Stephen's day is celebrated as the [[Day of the
|footnote2 = Although the [[Brčko District]] is formally held in [[Condominium (international law)|condominium]] by both [[Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina|entities]] simultaneously (the
|footnote3 = The [[Constitution of
|footnote4 = excluding RS's 48% of the [[Brčko District]]
|footnote5 = including refugees abroad-->
}}
'''
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== Name ==
The word "Srpska" can be interpreted as an [[adjective]] ("Serb"), and, bearing in mind language rules for the creation of names of countries in [[Serbian language|Serbian]] and other [[Slavic languages]], also as a proper [[noun]]. The Serbian name for several countries is analogous: [[France]] - ''
The government of
== Geography ==
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=== Municipalities ===
{{main|Municipalities of
Under the Law on Territorial Organization and Local Self-Government adopted in 1994,
-->
=== Kutha-kutha ===
Kutha-kutha kang gedhé ing
* [[Banja Luka]] - {{formatnum:250000}}
* [[Bijeljina]] - {{formatnum:140000}}
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* [[Bileća]] - {{formatnum:25000}}
'''Cathetan''': kutha [[Brčko]] minangka bagéyan saka [[Distrik Brčko]], dadi wewengkoné kaloro èntitas (
<!--
== History ==
{{main|History of
Christianity had already arrived in the region by the end of the 1st century, and numerous artifacts and objects from the time testify to this. Following events from the years 337 and 395 when the Empire split, Dalmatia and Pannonia were included in the Western Roman Empire. The region was conquered by the Ostrogoths in 455, and further exchanged hands between the Alans and Huns in the years to follow. By the 6th century, Emperor Justinian had re-conquered the area for the Byzantine Empire. The Slavs, a migratory people from northeastern Europe, were subjugated by the Eurasian Avars in the 6th century, and together they invaded the Eastern Roman Empire in the 6th and 7th centuries, settling in what is now
Upon their arrival, the Slavs brought with them a tribal social structure, which probably fell apart and gave way to feudalism only with Frankish penetration into the region in the late 9th century. It was also around this time that the south Slavs were Christianized. The region of
Throughout the mid-19th century, Herzegovina was a target of expansion of the young Montenegrin state in the name of the liberation of the Serbian people from Ottoman rule. Herzegovinian Serbs and Croats actively participated in the Montenegrin efforts to liberate them and to that end, they frequently rose in rebellion against the Ottoman rule. These efforts culminated in 1875 and 1876, during the Nevesinjska puška uprising. Montenegro did succeed in liberating and annexing large parts of Herzegovina before the Berlin Congress of 1878, including the Niksic area.
In 1878, territory of present
Although successful economically, Austro-Hungarian policy - which focused on advocating the ideal of a pluralist and multi-confessional Bosnian nation (largely favored by the Muslims) - failed to curb the rising tides of nationalism. The concept of Croat and Serb nationhood had already spread to Bosnia and Herzegovina's Catholics and Orthodox communities from neighboring Croatia and Serbia in the mid 19th century, and was too well-entrenched to allow for the wide-spread acceptance of a parallel idea of Bosnian nationhood. By the latter half of the 1910s, nationalism was an integral factor of Bosnian politics, with national political parties corresponding to the three groups dominating elections.
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The idea of a unified South Slavic state (typically expected to be spear-headed by independent Serbia) became a popular political ideology in the region at this time, including in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Austro-Hungarian government's decision to formally annex Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908 (i.e. Bosnian Crisis) added to a sense of urgency among these nationalists. The political tensions caused by all this culminated on June 28, 1914, when Serb nationalist youth Gavrilo Princip assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, in Sarajevo; an event that proved to be the spark that set off World War I. During the war Austrian authorities commit numerous severe crimes against Serbian civilian population.
Following World War I, territory of present
Once the kingdom of Yugoslavia was conquered by Nazi forces in World War II, all of Bosnia was ceded to the Nazi-puppet state of Croatia. The Nazi rule over Bosnia led to widespread persecution. The Jewish population was nearly exterminated. Many Serbs in the area took up arms and joined the Chetniks; a Serb nationalist and royalist resistance movement that both conducted guerrilla warfare against the Nazis. Starting in 1941, Yugoslav communists under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito organized their own multi-ethnic resistance group, the partisans, who fought against both Axis and Chetnik forces. Ante Pavelić the Ustaša subjected ethnic Serbs, together with much smaller minorities of Jews and Roma, to a campaign of genocidal persecution. Estimates for the number of Serbs killed in WW2 vary between 500,000 and 1.2 million. Of that number Ustaše, according to United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, killed 330,000–390,000 ethnic Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. Senior German officers and diplomats in the region cited figures up to twice as high. For instance Hitler's high plenipotentiary in SE Europe, Hermann Neubacher, later wrote: "When leading Ustaše state that one million Orthodox Serbs (including babies, children, women and old men) were slaughtered, this in my opinion is a boasting exaggeration. On the basis of reports I received, I estimated that threequarters of a million defenceless people were slaughtered."
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Military success eventually prompted the Allies to support the Partisans, and the end of the war resulted in the establishment of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, with the constitution of 1946 officially making Bosnia and Herzegovina one of six constituent republics in the new state. Because of its central geographic position within the Yugoslavian federation, post-war Bosnia was strategically selected as a base for the development of the military defense industry. This contributed to a large concentration of arms and military personnel in Bosnia; a significant factor in the war that followed the break-up of Yugoslavia in the 1990s. However, Bosnia's existence within Yugoslavia, for the large part, was peaceful and prosperous. Being one of the poorer republics in the early 1950s it quickly recovered economically, taking advantage of its extensive natural resources to stimulate industrial development. The Yugoslavian communist doctrine of "brotherhood and unity" particularly suited Bosnia's diverse and multi-ethnic society that, because of such an imposed system of tolerance, thrived culturally and socially.
===Creation of the
[[Image:Visegradski-most8.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The bridge on Drina river at Višegrad, famous from the book of Nobel prize winner [[Ivo Andrić]].]]
During the political crisis that followed the secession of [[Slovenia]] and [[Croatia]] from the former [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] on [[June 25]] [[1991]], a separate [[National Assembly of
The leading Serb political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the [[Serb Democratic Party]], led by [[Radovan Karadžić]], organized the creation of "Serb autonomous provinces" (SAOs) within Bosnia and the establishment of an assembly to represent them. In November 1991, the Bosnian Serbs held a referendum which resulted in an overwhelming vote in favour of staying in a common state with [[Serbia]] and [[Montenegro]]. On [[January 9]], [[1992]], the Bosnian Serb Assembly proclaimed the Republic of the Serb people of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Република српског народа Босне и Херцеговине / ''
The referendum and creation of SARs were proclaimed [[unconstitutional]] by the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and declared illegal and invalid. However, from [[February 29]] to [[March 2]] [[1992]] the government held a referendum on Bosnian independence from Yugoslavia. That referendum was in turn declared contrary to the BiH and Federal constitution by the Yugoslav Federal Constitutional court and rebel Bosnian Serb authorities; it was largely boycotted by the Bosnian Serbs. The turnout was somewhere between 64-67% and 98% of the voters voted for independence. It was unclear what the two-thirds majority requirement actually meant and whether it was satisfied.{{Fact|date=January 2007}} Almost all Bosnian Serbs boycotted the vote on the grounds that it was unconstitutional because the referendum bypassed the veto power of the representatives of the Serb people in the Bosnian parliament. An independent Bosnia was proclaimed in March, by which time the country had already plunged into ethnic conflict, caused by the secession. The resistance to the secession of Bosnia-Herzegovina was assisted by the Yugoslav National Army (JNA) and paramilitary forces from Serbia.<ref>{{cite web |author=CCPR Human Rights Committee |title=Bosnia and Herzegovina Report |work=[[United Nations]]|date=[[30 October]] [[1992]] |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/333378630589b6d680256674005bc280?Opendocument |accessdate=2007-04-19}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |author=Gutman, Roy|title=Rape Camps: Evidence Serb leaders in Bosnia OKd attacks |work-Newsday |date=1993-04-19 |url=http://www.haverford.edu/relg/sells/rape2.html}}</ref> On [[April 6]] [[1992]], the [[European Community]] formally recognised the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Serb Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared its independence on [[April 7]] [[1992]]. On [[August 12]] [[1992]], the reference to [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] was dropped from the name, and it became simply ''
===
[[Image:Bih 1991.jpg|thumb|rightt|Ethnic map based on the [[1991 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina|1991 census]]. The different colors show absolute majority in every settlement:
{{legend|blue|[[Serbs]]}}
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{{legend|yellow|no majority}}]]
[[Image:Bih94.JPG|thumb|right|Front lines in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1994.
{{legend|red|[[Army of
{{legend|blue|[[Croatian Defence Council|HVO]]-held territory (Croat)}}
{{legend|green|[[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|ARBiH]]-held territory (predominantly Bosniak)}}
{{legend|#00FF00|[[Western Bosnia|Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia]] forces (Bosniak)}}]]
During the next three years,
By 1994, the [[United Nations]] estimated that more than half a million non-Serbs had been driven out from the territory controlled by
In 1995,
The legal existence of
=== The post-war
Since the war,
The [[United Nations|UN]]-appointed [[High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina]] has greatly influenced the post-war development of
== Demographics ==
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{{legend|red|Bosnian Croats}}
{{legend|green|Bosniaks}}]]
#the lack of official post-war census figures.
#the [[ethnic cleansing|forced removal]] and murder of members of minority ethnic groups ([[Croats]] and [[Muslims by nationality|Bosnian Muslims]]/[[Bosniaks]]) by the RS authorities during the war.
#the huge refugee inflows of [[Serbs]] from the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Federation of BiH]] and, to a lesser extent, the territory of the [[
===1991===
According to the [[1991 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina|1991 census]] of BiH, the population of present-day territory of
* [[Serbs]] = {{formatnum:880171}} (54.4%)
* [[Muslims by nationality|Bosnian Muslims/Bosniaks]] = {{formatnum:466458}} (28.8%)
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===1996===
In 1996, the population of
<ref name="popinfo">{{Cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:RepublicSerbskaPopInfo.jpg |title=
* [[Serbs]] = {{formatnum:1427912}} (96.8%)
* [[Bosniaks]] = {{formatnum:32344}} (2.2%)
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* others = {{formatnum:4}} (0.0)
===2007===
In 2007, the population of Repuklika Srpska numbered 1,512,108 inhabitants. including:<ref name="popinfo">{{Cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:RepublicSerbskaPopInfo.jpg |title=
* [[Serbs]] = {{formatnum:1430128}} (95.9%)
* [[Bosniaks]] = {{formatnum:48108}} (3.08%)
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<!-- ===2005===
In 2005, the population of
* [[Serbs]] = {{formatnum:1247900}} (88.4%)
* [[Bosniaks]] = {{formatnum:150390}} (10.7%)
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{{seealso|Banja Luka Stock Exchange}}
{{Cleanup-section|date=May 2007}}
=== Foreign investment ===
An agreement on strategic partnership was concluded between the Iron Ore Mine Ljubija Prijedor and the [[United Kingdom|British]] company [[LNM]], a leading world steel producer. The [[Russia]]n company [[Yuzhuralzoloto]] also signed a strategic partnership with the [[Lead]] and [[Zinc]] Mine Sase Srebrenica. Recent foreign investments include privatisation of [[Telekom Srpske]], sold to the [[Serbia]]n [[Telekom Srbija]] for ([[Euro|€]]646mln, and the sale of the petroleum and oil industry, based in [[Brod]], [[Modriča]] and [[Banja Luka]], to [[Zarubezhneft]] of Russia, whose investment is expected to total [[United States dollar|US$]]970mln in the coming years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nezavisne.com/vijesti.php?vijest=4941&meni=2 |date=2007-01-25 |work=Nezavisine novine |title=Investicija za preporod privrede BiH |accessdate=2007-04-19}}</ref> On [[May 16]] [[2007]] the [[Czech Republic|Czech]] [[Electrical power industry|power utility]] [[CEZ Group|ČEZ]] signed a [[Euro|€]]1.4 bln contract with the [[Elektroprivreda
=== External trade ===
In recent years exports (not including trade with the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Federation of BiH]]) have grown significantly, and the level of import coverage has improved - from {{formatnum:1130518}}mln KM (€565mln) and 38.3% in 2005, to {{formatnum:1539229}}mln KM (€770mln) and 55.8% in [[2006]]. In the first two months of 2007 exports grew 19% year on year, and imports by 39%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rzs.rs.ba/Saopstenja/TrgovinaSPOLJNA/decembar05.pdf |author=
=== Taxation ===
Since 2001,
=== Salaries ===
The average gross salary in August 2004 was 660KM (around 340 EUR). From 1998-2003, the average monthly salary in
==Government and politics==
{{main|Politics of
[[Image:Milorad Dodik.jpg|thumb|left|[[Milorad Dodik]], Prime Minister of the
Under its constitution,
Although the constitution names [[Sarajevo]] as the capital of
After the war,
"I do expect that the answer of most of citizens of
As the response to the latest initiatives from [[Banja Luka]], the Chairman of Bosnia's central government, the Council of Ministers, [[Adnan Terzić]], blamed the international community and its passive stand towards the RS stance on police reform.
"Considering the reactions of the international community's officials to the obstructions from the
The police reform was aimed at joining police troops of the two ethnic entities into a single state-level police. The police reform fulfills three EU requests - establishment of a statewide police service, elimination of political interference and creation of patrol regions based on professional criteria.
"We do not want suspension of the talks on Stabilization and Association Agreement. However, we won't make concession on what we consider as a minimum requirement, that is retaining of the [[
He announced that the RS side will step out of the police reforms process, if their wishes are not respected.
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===External relations===
On [[September 26]] [[2006]]
Tadić and Koštunica, accompanied by several ministers and some 300 businessmen, arrived in [[Banja Luka]], the ''de facto'' capital of the
The document sets out steps taken by Serbia and
"This agreement will stabilize the relations between countries in the region and it will promote economic, political and cultural relations between Serbia and
Under the Dayton peace accord, which ended the [[Bosnian war]] in 1995, the country was divided into two entities - [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], and the
===The status of
The political platform of some Bosniak political parties in the other entity (the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Federation of BiH]]), most notably that of the [[SBiH]] party, includes the abolition of the
In response to such statements, the Prime Minister of
[[Sulejman Tihić]], the Bosniak member of BiH's tripartite presidency, responded by saying that those who want to secede from Bosnia can pack up and leave, "but can’t take away an inch of Bosnian territory". [[Borislav Paravac]], the Serb member of the state presidency, responded that Tihić's statement was an "irresponsible and scandalous act". "Bosnia isn’t his private property," said Paravac, adding that RS covers 49% of Bosnia’s territory and that Serbs are one of three constituent ([[autochthonous]] or native) peoples, with equal rights.
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The [[High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina|high representative of the international community]] in Bosnia has appealed to the leaders of all three nationalities to stop with their “inflammatory rhetoric”. However, Haris Silajdžić continued his calls for the RS to be abolished, and Dodik continued to propose that the Bosnian Serbs may seek a referendum on independence, despite a warning that he may be punished for such statements. The international community's high representative to Bosnia, German diplomat [[Christian Schwarz-Schilling]], warned in Vienna, that "if he [Dodik] continues to talk about the referendum, I will have to remove him from office.”.
Dodik responded: "Let him be my guest and sack me. I stand by everything I said about the referendum". Dodik went further and explained that his statements were a response to repeated threats from Sarajevo that
The Former President of
More recently measures announced by the current [[High Representative]] [[Miroslav Lajcak]] intended to improve the functionality of [[BiH]] state institutions, were interpreted by RS officials as undermining RS and the Bosnian Serbs. Measures have been met with strong opposition from the Bosnian Serbs leadership and resulted in the resignation of the BiH PM [[Nikola Spiric]] member of [[SNSD]] party. Lajcak responded that announced measures do not jeopardize either BiH entity or ethnic group an assesment which was confirmed by [[OHR]]. He further stated that unless measures are implemented by December 1st, he will use his powers as the top international administrator in BiH to impose them. The issue was resolved at the government level on December 4th partially when both the entities agreed to implement the said proposals, and is expected to be resolved by mid 2008 when the implementation of the same is expected to be finished. However it still remains to be seen if the general public of RS, which is seemingly opposed to the same accepts the same or not.
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{{Expand-section|date=April 2007}}
=== People ===
Musician [[Filip Višnjić]] and poet [[Petar Kočić]] were from the territory of today's
=== Museums ===
The [[Museum of the
=== Sport ===
{{main|Sport in
Notable football clubs in the RS include [[Borac Banja Luka]], [[Slavija Istočno Sarajevo]], [[FK Radnik Bijeljina]], [[FK Modriča]], and [[FK Leotar Trebinje]], which all play in the [[Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina]].
=== Education ===
There are two public [[university|universities]] in the
=== Media ===
The main media organisations of the
==Currency==
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Tavnamarka.jpg|thumb|right|1994 Postage Stamp.]] -->
<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:Brankomarka.jpg|thumb|2004 [[Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark|Convertible Mark]] (
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:RSDinar.jpg|thumb|1993 5000 [[
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|right}}
The present currency is the [[Bosnia and Herzegovina konvertibilna marka|Convertible Mark]], the national currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In 1992, the new government of
==Internet domains==
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== Delengen uga ==
* [[Pulisi
* [[Tentara
* [[Pamérangan pulitik Bosnia-Herzegovina]]
* [[Distrik Brčko]]
* [[Regions of
* [[Dinar
* [[Sajarah
* [[Sajarah Bosnia-Herzegovina]]
* [[Air Srpska]]
* [[
<!--[galleries to subarticles, please]-->
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<gallery>
Image:Doboj 001.JPG|view of Doboj from the castle, [[Doboj]]
Image:Raca 0003.JPG|Sign welcoming visitors to ''
Image:Uprava.jpg|[[Banski dvor]], [[Banja Luka]]
Image:Trebinjetriptrebinje.jpg|Serbian Orthodox Monastery, Hercegovačka Gračanica in [[Trebinje]]
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Image:Panoramicviewofugljevik.JPG|[[Ugljevik]]
Image:Kula.JPG|Castle in [[Bosanska Kostajnica]]
Image:Trebinje.jpg|The [[Herzegovina|Herzegovinian]] town of [[Trebinje]], in the deep south of
</gallery>
-->
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* [http://www.narodnaskupstinars.net/ Déwan Nasional]
* [http://www.bih-x.com/regije_i_gradovi/rs.htm Bosnia lan Herzegovina online]
{{commonscat|
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