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Makam [[Fatimah]] (putri Nabi Muhammad) lan [[Abu Bakar]] ( [[kalifah]] pisanan lan bapaké [[Aisha]] sisihané Nabi Muhammad, lan [[Umar]] (Umar ibn Khattab), kalifah kaloro uga dumunung ing kéné. Masjid Nabawi jamané Nabi Muhammad, wis tau kobong ping pindho lan didandani.
==Mula Bukanipun Madinah==
<!--==Medina's religious significance in Islam==
[[Gambar:Medine cennet-ül baki.jpg|250px|thumb|Madinah]]
[[Image:The Profit Mosque.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Mosque of the Prophet]], 2007]]Medina's importance as a religious site derives from the presence there of the 'Tomb of Prophet Muhammad' inside '[[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Masjid-e-Nabawi]]' or 'The Mosque of The Prophet'. The Mosque was built on a site adjacent to Muhammad's home and as [[Muslim]]s believe {{Fact|date=February 2007}} that prophets must be buried at the very same place that they die Muhammad was thus buried in his house. The tomb later became part of the mosque when it was expanded by the [[Umayyad]] Caliph [[Al-Walid I]]. The first mosque of Islam is also located in Medina and is known as ''Masjid Quba,'' (the [[Quba Mosque]]). It was destroyed by lightning, probably about 850 C.E., and the graves were almost forgotten. In 892 the place was cleared up, the tombs located and a fine mosque built, which was destroyed by fire in 1257 C.E. and almost immediately rebuilt. It was restored by [[Qaitbay]], the [[Rulers of Egypt|Egyptian ruler]], in 1487.<ref name="EA" />
Wonten ing Jaman saderengipun Islam ngrembaka, Kutha MAdinah kaaran Yastrib, misuwur dados pusat perdagangan. salajengipun nalika Nabi Muhammad SAW hijrah saking Mekkah, kutha punika dipun-gantos namanipun dados Madinah minangka Kutha pusat perkembangan Islam ngantos dumugi Nabi Muhammad seda, lan dipun-sareaken wonten ngrika. Salajengipun kutha punika dados pusat kekhalifan panerus Nabi Muhammad. Wonten tiga kalifah ingkang marentah wonten ing Kutha punika, inggih punika [[Abu Bakar ]], [[Umar Bin Khattab]] kaliyan [[Utsman bin Affan]]. Wonten ing masa pamerintahanipun ALi bin Abi Thalib pamerintah dipunpindahaken dhateng [[Kufah]] wonten irak, punika amargi wonten gejolak pulitik kapejahipun khalifah Utsman kaliyan kaum pemberontak. Salajengipun nalika pamerintahanipun Ummayah, pamerintahanipun dipunpindahaken dhateng [[Damaskus]] kaliyan nalika pamerintahan dipuncepeng kaliyan [[Bani Abassiyah]], pamerintahan dipunpindah dhateng Kutha [[Baghdad]].
[[Gambar:Madina_Haram_at_evening.jpg|250px|thumb|Madinah]]
Like Mecca, the city of Medina only permits Muslims to enter, although the ''[[haram]]'' (area closed to non-Muslims) of Medina is much smaller than that of Mecca, with the result that many facilities on the outskirts of Medina are open to non-Muslims, whereas in Mecca the area closed to non-Muslims extends well beyond the limits of the built-up area. Both cities' numerous mosques are the destination for large numbers of Muslims on their [[Hajj]] (annual pilgrimage). Hundreds of thousands of Muslims come to Medina annually to visit the 'Tomb of Prophet' and to worship at mosques in a unified celebration. Muslims believe that praying once in the Mosque of the Prophet is equal to praying at least 1000 times in any other mosque.-->
==Geografi==
Kutha punika dipunkelilingi kaliyan redi kaliyan redi-redi alit sarta gadhah iklim ara-ara. Suhu ingkang inggil kinten-kinten antawisipun 30 °C ngantos dumugi 45 °C nalika musim panas, suhu rata-ratanipun kinten-kinten 10 °C sampai 25 °C.
<!--==HistoryEkonomi==
Saking sektor Ekonomi, kaperang dados sekawan inggih punika sektor pertanian, perkebunan kurma ingkang sampun misuwur, peternakan, perdagangan kaliyan jasa.
===Pre-Jewish times===
In the time of [[Ptolemy]] the [[oasis]] was known as Lathrippa.<ref name="EA" />
==Pendidikan==
====Jewish tribes====
Madinah dados pusat pendidikan Islam wiwit jaman Nabi Muhammad SAW. Ugi kathah ulama-ulama kaliyan Cendekiawan Islam, tuladhanipun [[Imam Malik]]. Wonten Jami'ah (Universitas) kaliyan Perguruan-perguruan tinggi sanesipun.
The oasis of Yathrib was first settled by three [[Jew]]ish [[Arabian tribes that interacted with Muhammad|tribes]]: the [[Banu Qaynuqa]], the [[Banu Qurayza]], and [[Banu Nadir]].<ref name="jewishencyclopedia 1">[[Jewish Encyclopedia]] [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=326&letter=M Medina]</ref> [[Ibn Khordadbeh]] later reported that during the [[Persian Empire]]'s domination in [[Hejaz]], the Banu Qurayza served as [[tax collector]]s for the [[shah]].<ref>Peters 193</ref>
====Banu Aus and Banu Khazraj====
The situation changed after the arrival from [[Yemen]] of two [[Arab]] tribes named [[Banu Aus]] (Banu Aws) and [[Banu Khazraj]]. At first, these tribes were clients of the Jews, but later they revolted and became independent.<ref name="Medina">"Al-Medina." ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''</ref> Toward the end of the [[5th century]]<ref>for date see "J. Q. R." vii. 175, note</ref>, the Jews lost control of the city to Banu Aus and Banu Khazraj. The [[Jewish Encyclopedia]] states that they did so ''"By calling in outside assistance and treacherously massacring at a banquet the principal Jews"'' [[Banu Aus]] and [[Banu Khazraj]] finally gained the upper hand at Medina.<ref name="jewishencyclopedia 1"/>.
Most modern historians accept the claim of the Muslim sources that after the revolt, the Jewish tribes became clients of the Aus and the Khazraj.<ref>See e.g., Peters 193; "Qurayza", ''[[Encyclopedia Judaica]]''</ref> According to [[William Montgomery Watt]], the clientship of the Jewish tribes is not borne out by the historical accounts of the period prior to 627, and maintained that the Jews retained a measure of political independence.<ref name="Medina"/>
[[Ibn Ishaq]] tells of a conflict between the last Yemenite king of the [[Himyarite Kingdom]]<ref>Muslim sources usually referred to Himyar kings by the dynastic title of "Tubba".</ref> and the residents of Yathrib. When the king was passing by the oasis, the residents killed his son, and the Yemenite ruler threatened to exterminate the people and cut down the [[Arecaceae|palms]]. According to ibn Ishaq, he was stopped from doing so by two [[rabbi]]s from the Banu Qurayza, who implored the king to spare the oasis because it was the place "to which a [[prophet]] of the [[Quraysh]] would migrate in time to come, and it would be his home and resting-place". The Yemenite king thus did not destroy the town and converted to [[Judaism]]. He took the rabbis with him, and in Mecca, they reportedly recognized the [[Kaaba]] as a temple built by [[Abraham]] and advised the king "to do what the people of Mecca did: to circumambulate the temple, to venerate and honour it, to shave his head and to behave with all humility until he had left its precincts." On approaching Yemen, tells ibn Ishaq, the rabbis demonstrated to the local people a miracle by coming out of a fire unscathed and the Yemenites accepted Judaism.<ref>Guillaume 7–9, Peters 49–50</ref>
====Civic strife====
Eventually the Banu Aus and the Banu Khazraj became hostile to each other and by the time of Muhammad's [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] (withdrawal) to Medina, they had been fighting for 120 years and were the sworn enemies of each other.<ref name="balagh.net">[[The Message (Subhani)]] [http://www.balagh.net/english/ahl_bayt/the_message/27.htm The Events of the First Year of Migration]</ref> The Banu Nadir and the Banu Qurayza were allied with the Aus, while the Banu Qaynuqa sided with the Khazraj.<ref>For alliances, see Guillaume 253</ref> They fought a total of four wars.<ref name="Medina"/>
Their last and bloodiest was the [[Battle of Bu'ath]]<ref name="Medina"/> that was fought a few years before the arrival of Muhammad.<ref name="jewishencyclopedia 1"/> The outcome of the battle was inconclusive, and the feud continued. [[Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy]], one Khazraj chief, had refused to take part in the battle, which earned him a reputation for equity and peacefulness. Until the arrival of Muhammad he was the most respected inhabitant of Yathrib.
===Muhammad's arrival===
In 622, Muhammad and the [[Muhajirun]] left Mecca and arrived at Yathrib, an event that would transform the political landscape completely; the longstanding enmity between the Aus and Khazraj tribes was dampened as many of the two tribes embraced Islam. Muhammad, linked to the Khazraj through his great grandmother, was soon made one of the chiefs and united the Muslim converts of Yathrib under the name "[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]]" (the Patrons). After Muhammad's arrival, the city gradually came to be known as ''Medina''. This name was adopted from the [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] word ''Medinta'', which the Jewish inhabitants used for the city.<ref>[http://www.dangoor.com/71page33.html ''The Jews of Arabia''. By Lucien Gubbay]</ref>
According to Ibn Ishaq, the Muslims and Jews of the area signed an agreement, the [[Constitution of Medina]], which committed Jewish and Muslim tribes to mutual cooperation. The nature of this document as recorded by Ibn Ishaq and transmitted by [[ibn Hisham]] is the subject of dispute among modern historians many of whom maintain that this "treaty" is possibly a collage of agreements, oral rather than written, of different dates, and that it is not clear when they were made or with whom.<ref>Firestone 118. For opinions disputing the early date of the Constitution of Medina, see e.g., Peters 119; "Muhammad", "Encyclopaedia of Islam"; "Kurayza, Banu", "Encyclopaedia of Islam".</ref>
====Conflict with Meccans and Jews====
{{Unreferencedsection|date=July 2007}}
=====The Battle of Badr=====
In January of 623 Muhammad dispatched [[Ubaydah ibn al-Harith]] (Obeida), the son of Muhammad's uncle [[Harith ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib]], to attack a caravan passing along the [[Syria]]-to-Mecca trade route. As the caravan (led by [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb]]) was watering in the valley of [[Rabigh]], Muhammad's men fired volleys of arrows from a distance but did not inflict any damage.<ref name="Muir">[http://www.answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Life3/chap11.htm The Biography of Mahomet, and Rise of Islam. Chapter Eleventh.] Hostilities between Medina and Mecca. A.H. I. & II. - A.D. 623. by [[William Muir]]</ref> Obeida was given the honour of "he who shot the first arrow for Islam" as Abu Sufyan ibn Harb altered course to flee the attack. In retaliation for this attack Abu Sufyan ibn Harb requested an armed force from Mecca who came and engaged in the [[Battle of Badr]], at which was killed.<ref>[http://www.answering-islam.de/Main/Books/Muir/Life2/chap4.htm The Biography of Mahomet, and Rise of Islam. Chapter Fourth.] Extension of Islam and Early Converts, from the assumption by Mahomet of the prophetical office to the date of the first Emigration to Abyssinia by William Muir</ref>
Throughout the winter and spring of 623 other raiding parties were sent by Muhammad from Medina but, while troublesome, were not particularly effective or destructive.<ref name="Muir"/>
Muhammad's agreement with the Jewish tribes soon broke down, as the Jews would not accept Muhammad's claims to prophethood or his growing influence. After his victory at Badr, Muhammad besieged and conquered the tribe of the Banu Qaynuqa, that had been involved in a tribal feud and adamantly refused to convert to Islam or keep peace with the Muslims. Because of the intercession of Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy and because it was the first incident with the tribes, Muhammad spared the tribe's lives and expelled them from the city.
=====The Battle of Uhud=====
In 625, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb once again led a Meccan force against Medina. Muhammad marched out to meet the force but before reaching the battle, about one third of the troops under Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy withdrew. Nevertheless the Muslims marched forth into battle and originally were somewhat successful in pushing the Meccans back. However, a strategic hill was lost which allowed the Meccans to come from behind the Muslims so they suffered defeat in the [[Battle of Uhud]]. However, the Meccans did not capitalize on their victory by invading Medina and so returned to Mecca.
Meanwhile, conflict with the Jews arose again: one of the Banu Nadir's chiefs, the poet [[Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf]], was killed for breaching the Constitution of Medina and after the battle of Uhud, Muhammad accused the tribe of treachery and plotting against his life and expelled them from the city after a short fight.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
=====The Battle of the Trench=====
[[Image:Medina ceramic panel Louvre OA3919.jpg|thumb|right|Panel representing the mosque of Medina (now in Saudi Arabia). Found in [[İznik]] (Turkey), [[18th century]]. Composite body, silicate coat, transparent glaze, underglaze painted.]]
In 627, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb once more led Meccan forces against Medina. Because the people of Medina had dug a trench to further protect the city, this event became known as the [[Battle of the Trench]]. After a protracted siege and various skirmishes, the Meccans withdrew again. During the siege, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb had contacted the remaining Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza and formed an agreement with them, to attack the defenders from behind the lines. It was however discovered by the Muslims and thwarted. This was in breach of the Constitution of Medina and after the Meccan withdrawal, Muhammad immediately marched against the Qurayza and laid siege to their strongholds. The Jews eventually surrendered. Some members of the Banu Aus now interceded on behalf of their old allies and Muhammad agreed to the appointment of one of their chiefs, [[Sa'd ibn Mua'dh]], as judge. Sa'ad judged that all male members of the tribe were killed and the women and children taken prisoner.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} That was the end of the Jews of Medina.
====Capital city ====
In the ten years following the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]], Medina formed the base from which Muhammad attacked and was attacked and it was from here that he [[Conquest of Mecca|marched on Mecca]], becoming its ruler without battle. Even when Islamic rule was established, Medina remained for some years the most important city of Islam and the capital of the [[Caliphate]].
===Medieval Medina===
Under the first four Caliphs, known as the [[Rashidun]] (The Rightly Guided Caliphs), the Islamic empire expanded rapidly and came to include historical centres of civilisation such as [[Jerusalem]] and [[Damascus]], and [[Mesopotamia]]. After the death of [[Ali]], the fourth caliph, the seat of the Caliph was first transferred to Damascus and later to [[Baghdad]]. Medina's importance dwindled and it became more a place of religious importance than of political power. After the fragmentation of the Caliphate the city became subject to various rulers, including the [[Mamluk]]s in the [[13th century]] and finally, since 1517, the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]].
In 1256 Medina was threatened by [[lava]] flow from the last eruption of [[Harrat Rahat]].
===Modern Medina===
{{Expand|date=April 2007}}
In the beginning of 20th century during [[World War I]] Medina witnessed one of the longest sieges in history. Medina was a city of [[Ottoman Empire]]. Local rule was in the hand of the [[Hashemite]] clan as [[Sharif]]s or [[Emir]]s of Mecca. [[Fakhri Pasha]] was the [[Ottoman]] governor. Sharif Hussain of Mecca the leader of [[Hashemite]] clan revolted against the caliph and sided with Great britain. The city of Medina was besieged by his forces but [[Fakhri Pasha]] tenaciously fought against [[Siege of Medina]] since 1916 and on 10 January 1919 surrendered after a long siege. After the [[World War I|First World War]], the Hashemite [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|Sayyid Hussein bin Ali]] was proclaimed King of an independent Hejaz, but in 1924 he was defeated by [[Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia|Ibn Saud]], who integrated Medina and Hejaz into his kingdom of [[Saudi Arabia]].
Like Mecca, Medina is strictly off limits to non-Muslims. The [[Knowledge Economic City, Medina|Medina Knowledge Economic City]] project, a city focused on knowledge-based industries, has been planned and is expected to boost development and increase the number of jobs in Medina.<ref>[http://www.fdimagazine.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/1830/Economic_cities_a_rise.html Economic cities a rise]</ref>-->
== Delengen uga ==
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