Basa Afrikaans: Béda antara owahan
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Amérika Serikat -> Amérika Sarékat, replaced: Amérika Serikat → Amérika Sarékat |
éjaan, replaced: politik → pulitik, kuat → kuwat, sakliyané → saliyané, negara → nagara (9), Museum → Musiyum , kayata → kaya ta (6), isa → bisa (3), cepet → rikat, pada → padha |
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'''Afrikaans''' iku salah sawijining basa Jermanik Kulon sing dipituturaké ing
Basa iki asal mulané saka cangkriman basa Walanda cara Hollandik Kidul sing dadi basané padinan warga Éropah mliginé sing asalé saka [[Walanda]] awit abad ka-17-18. Basa Afrikaans suwi-suwi awit jaman semono dadi béda karo basa asalé. Mulané, kadhang kala basa Afrikaans diarani turunané [[basa Walanda]]. Basa iki dadi basa tuturané asli wong Afrikaner lan wong kulit warna ing [[Afrika Kidul]].
Larik 33:
Tembung-tembung sing ana ing basa Afrikaans iki 95%-é asalé saka basa Walanda. Turahané silihan saka basa-basa kaya ta [[Basa Portugis|Portugis]], [[Basa Malayu|Malayu]], Bantu, Khoisan, [[Basa Jerman|Jerman]], lan sapanunggalané. Dadiné, panyatur basa Afrikaans karo basa Walanda bisa mangertèni siji karo liyané sanajan ana béda sithik ing pangucapan lan paramasastrané (gramatiké).
Basa Afrikaans duwé panyatur asli kira-kira wong 7 yuta utawa 13,5%-é warga Afrika Kidul utawa basa nomer telu sing paling akèh dipituturaké. Basa iki salah siji saka sawelas basa resmi ing
Gunggungé panyatur basa Afrikaans ana kira-kira wong 15 nganti 23 yuta.
Larik 41:
Basa Afrikaans Tmula ana ing Koloni Landa ing laladan Cape (Tanjung), lumantar nyempal saka dhialèk Landa Eropa, sajroning abad 18.<ref name="omniglot.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/afrikaans.htm |title=Afrikaans |work=Omniglot |accessdate=22 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/8437/Afrikaans-language |title=Afrikaans language |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |accessdate=22 September 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831105055/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/8437/Afrikaans-language|archivedate=31 August 2010 <!--DASHBot-->|deadurl=no }}</ref> Ing pramila abad 18 lan nganthi abad 20, Basa Afrikaans ing Basa Landa dianggep kanthi "kitchen language" utawa Basa Pawonan ({{lang-af|kombuistaal|links=no}}), lan kurang géngsiné, uga diarani basa ngisoré Basa Landa sing umum ''{{lang|nl|Kaaps Hollands}}'' ("Cape Dutch," i.e. Afrikaans) ''{{lang|nl|geradbraakt}}," ''{{lang|nl|gebroken}}'' anf ''{{lang|nl|onbeschaafd Hollands}}'' ("Basa Landa Ndhésa"), saliyané diarani ''{{lang|nl|verkeerd Nederlands}}'' ("Basa Landa Salah").<ref>Alatis, Hamilton, Ai-Hui Tan (2002). ''Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 2000: Linguistics, Language and the Professions: Education, Journalism, Law, Medicine, and Technology." Washington, DC: University Press. ISBN 978-0-87840-373-8, p. 132.</ref><ref>Keith Brown and Sarah Ogilvie, eds. (2008). ''Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World." Oxford, UK: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7, p. 8.</ref> Kira-kira 90 nganthi 95% tetembungan Basa Afrikaans mula saka Basa Landa,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIivedw-oZYC |title=Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics |accessdate=23 August 2008 |first=Rajend |last=Mesthrie |publisher=New Africa Books |page=214 |year=1995 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GeUUAAAAIAAJ |title=The Dutch Language: A Survey |page=132 |first=Pierre |last1=Brachin |first2=Paul |last2=Vincent |publisher=Brill Archive |accessdate=3 November 2008 |year=1985 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqaGb_SEQHUC |title=Language in South Africa |page=205 |accessdate=18 May 2010 |first=Rajend |last=Mesthrie |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2002 }}</ref> lan ana pambédha ing tetembungan antaraning rong basa iki;<ref>{{harvnb|Sebba|1997|p=161}}</ref> nanging Afrikaans ndhuwé morpologi sing luwih katon,<ref name="holm"/> paramasastra lan éjan.<ref name="sebba">{{cite book |ref=harv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRT_jZl39AMC |title=Contact languages: pidgins and creoles |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first=Mark |last=Sebba |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=1997 }}</ref> Ana tataran silihmangertèn utawa [[mutual intelligibility]] antara rong basa kasebut,<ref name="holm">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PcD7p9y3EIcC |title=Pidgins and Creoles: References survey |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first=John A. |last=Holm |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=338 |year=1989 }}</ref><ref name="baker">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgtSqB9oqDIC |title=Encyclopedia of bilingualism and bilingual education |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first1=Colin |last1=Baker |first2=Sylvia |last2=Prys Jones |publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd. |page=302 |year=1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zlUp5Xuc8C |title=Language change: contributions to the study of its causes |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first1=Leiv |last1=Egil Breivik |first2=Ernst |last2=Håkon Jahr |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |page=232 |year=1987 }}</ref> mligané ing panulisan.<ref name="sebba"/><ref name="sebba2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHgsfADZF9IC |title=Spelling and society: the culture and politics of orthography around the world |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first=Mark |last=Sebba |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2007 }}</ref><ref name="gooskens"/>
Basa Afrikaans olèh njupuk silihan tetembungan lan paramasastra saka basa-basa liyané
===Pangembangan===
Larik 48:
Buruh lan buruh tukon sing uga ngembangaké basa Afrikaans yaiku [[Wong Asia|Asia]] (mligané wong [[Melayu]] lan wong [[Malagasi]], saliyané wong [[Khoi]], [[Wong San]], lan [[Wong Bantu]] sing uga manggon ing laladan iku. Wong Kréol ing pramula abad 18—kaya sing kacatet ing kasusé Hendrik Bibault lan para [[Oude Ram Afrikaner|Oude Ram]] — iku sing paling pramula ngundhang dhéwéké ''Afrikaner'' (Wong Afrika). Nembé ing tengah-tengahing abad 19 {{dubious|Boer identity merge with Afrikaners|date=October 2015}} wong [[Boer]] uga njupuk tembung iku.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cape-slavery-heritage.iblog.co.za/category/new-creole-identities/page/4/|title=The Orlams Afrikaners – the Creole Africans of the Garieb|publisher=Cape Slavery Heritage|accessdate=8 July 2010}}</ref> Wong Khoi lan wong-wong blasteran padha-padha diarani 'Coloureds' utawa 'werna'.<ref name="Slavery">{{cite web|url=http://slaveryinstitute.wordpress.com/slavery-in-the-cape/|title=Slavery in the Cape|publisher=Institute for the Study of Slavery and its Legacy – South Africa|accessdate=8 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610194604/http://slaveryinstitute.wordpress.com/slavery-in-the-cape/|archivedate=10 June 2010 <!--DASHBot-->|deadurl=no}}</ref>
Awit taun 1815, Basa Afrikaans ngganthèni basa Melayu dadi basa pangajaran ing sekolah-sekolah Islam [[Afrika Kidul]], mula ditulis ing [[Abjad Arab]]: dheleng [[Arabic Afrikaans]]. Sabanjuré, Basa Afrikaans sing ditulis ing aksara Latin, mula ana ing layang kabar, lan panulisan-panulisan agama lan
Ing taun 1875, sak wong panyatur basa Afrikaans saka Cape ngadhekaké kumpulan jenengé''{{lang|af|[[Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners|Genootskap vir Regte Afrikaanders]]}}'' ("Society for Real Afrikaners"),<ref name="omniglot.com"/> lan nerbitaké rena-rena buku ing basa Afrikaans, kalebu paramasastra, bausastra, sejarah lan buku-buku bab agama. Ing taun 1825, Afrikaans diakoni pamaréntah dadi basa sing hakiki, tinimbang salah sawijining dhialèk basa Landa.<ref name="omniglot.com"/>
Larik 63:
===Standarisasi===
[[File:Pretoriase kunsmuseum 1.jpg|thumb|Sisih Musium Seni Pretoria (Pretoria Art
Ahli basa Paul Roberge njelasaké yèn tulisan ‘Afrikaans asli’ sing paling pramila iku [[doggerel|serat doggerel]] saka taun 1795 lan guneman sing ditulisaké déning musapir Landa 1825. Tulisan cithak pramila antaraning Afrikaner mung nganggo basa Landa Éropah. Nanging ing tengahing abad 19, luwih akèh ditulis ing Afrikaans, sing nalika semono isih dianggep dhialèk enggon-enggonan.
Larik 134:
{{legend|#800026|>3000 /km<sup>2</sup>}}
{{refend}}]]
Basa Afrikaans uga dipituturaké ing Namibia. Sadhurungé mardika, Afrikaans statusé
Akèh wong Afrika Kidul sing manggon lan makarya ing
Basa Afrikaans uga ndhuwé pangaruh ing [[Basa Inggris Afrika Kidul]]. Akèh tetembungan Basa Inggris kana sing dijupuk saka Afrikaans,
Ing taun 1976, para siswa SMA ing kutha [[Soweto]] pramula [[haruhara Soweto]] amarga pamarèntah mutusaké yèn basa Afrikaans didadèkaké basa prèntah kanggo separuh pelajaran sing diajarké ing sekolah-sekolah dudu kulit (turahé nganggo basa Inggris). Sanajan basa Inggris mung dadi basa asliné 8,2% pendhudhuk, nanging paling akèh direti lan basa kaloro mayoritas wong Afrika Kidul.<ref>[http://www.sagoodnews.co.za/public_sector/govt_info_available_online_in_all_official_languages.html Govt info available online in all official languages – South Africa – The Good News<!-- Bot generated title -->].</ref> Basa Afrikaans luwih akèh dipituturaké tinimbang Inggris ing propinsi Cape Kulon lan Cape Lor, atusan kilomèter saka Soweto. Panolakan wong kulit ireng menyang basa Afrikaans lan luwih milih Basa Inggris malih ditegesaké samubare pamarèntah ngethokaké kebijakan sak sasi samubaré huru hara iku. Asilé : 96% sekolah-sekolah kulit ireng milih nganggo basa Inggris (tinimbang Afrikaans utawa basa asli liyané) dadi basa ater-ateré.<ref>Black Linguistics: Language, Society and Politics in Africa and the Americas, by Sinfree Makoni, p. 120S.</ref> Iku amarga basa Afrikaans uga dipandheng nalika basa penindas kanggo sawetara wong, dhesekan dilancaraké kanggo mbusek basa Afrikaans dadi basa pangajaran ing universitas-universitas Afrika Kidul, sing nggarai protes mahasiswa sing anggegirisi ing taun 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/world/article/South-Africa-Protesting-students-torch-6853287.php |title=South Africa: Protesting students torch university buildings |author=Lynsey Chutel |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=[[The Advocate (Stamford)|Stamford Advocate]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040206/http://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/world/article/South-Africa-Protesting-students-torch-6853287.php |archivedate=5 March 2016 |date=25 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://diepresse.com/home/politik/aussenpolitik/4933544/Studentenunruhen_Konflikte-zwischen-Schwarz-und-Weiss |title=Studentenunruhen: Konflikte zwischen Schwarz und Weiß |trans_title=Student unrest: conflicts between black and white |work=[[Die Presse]] |date=25 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://de.euronews.com/2016/02/26/suedafrika-unerklaerliche-gewaltserie-an-universitaeten/ |title=Südafrika: "Unerklärliche" Gewaltserie an Universitäten |trans_title=South Africa: "Unexplained" violence at universities |work=[[Euronews]] |date=25 February 2016 }}</ref>
Ing[[Undhang-Undhang Dhasar Afrika Kidul]] taun 1996, Afrikaans tetep dadi salah sawiji basa resmi saliyané basa Inggris lan sangang basa liyané. Artiné, kebijakan anyar iki ngalongi Afrikaans lan luwih milih basa Inggris, utawa kanggo ngakomodir basa-basa resmi liyané. Tuladhané ing taun 1996, [[South African Broadcasting Corporation]] ngelongi cacah siyaran télévisi ing basa Afrikaans, sawetara maskapai [[South African Airways]] ngilangi jeneng Afrikaans ''{{lang|af|Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens}}'' saka awak pesawaté. Pada karo liyané, misi diplomatik Afrika Kidul mung nampilaké tetenger
Sanajan kahanan ngono, basa Afrikaans tetep
Basa Afrikaans andhuwé rong tugu sing dibangun kanggo pangurmatan. Tugu pramila dibangun ing {{lang|af|[[Burgersdorp]]}}, Afrika Kidul, ing taun 1893, lan tugu kapindo, sing luwih apik lan dibangun déning [[Afrikaans Language Monument]] (''{{lang|af|Afrikaanse Taalmonument}}''), ana ing [[Paarl]], Afrika Kidul, ing taun 1975.
Nalika kalawarti desain asal Inggris yaiku ''[[Wallpaper (magazine)|Wallpaper]]''<!--"Wallpaper" per WP:MOSTM--> nggambarké basa Afrikaans dadi salah sawiji ‘’basa paling èlèk sakdunya’’ ing artikelé ing èdisi September 2005 bab [[Monumen Basa Afrikaans]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060216042054/http://business.iafrica.com/news/657706.htm Rupert snubs mag over Afrikaans slur], Business Africa, 5 December 2005.</ref> Milyarder Afrika Kidul yaiku [[Johann Rupert]] (pimpinan [[Richemont|Richemont Group]]), njawab karo narik kabèh iklan-iklané
Basa Landa Modern lan Afrikaans ndhuwé 90 persèn tetembungan sing padha. Panyatur Afrikaans
== Rujukan ==
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