Basa Afrikaans: Béda antara owahan
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
éjaan, replaced: suku bangsa → bebrayan, Belgia → Bèlgi (2), Jèrman → Jerman, sejarah → sajarah, Sadhurungé → Sadurungé (3), Selandia Anyar → Niu Selan (2), ndhuwé → duwé (4), maskapai → maskapé, kapindo → kapindho, Sejarah... |
éjaan, replaced: . → ., Amerika Serikat → Amérika Sarékat, Mei → Mèi, pelajaran → wulangan, yaiku → ya iku (9) |
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Basa Afrikaans Tmula ana ing Koloni Landa ing laladan Cape (Tanjung), lumantar nyempal saka dhialèk Landa Eropa, sajeroning abad 18.<ref name="omniglot.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/afrikaans.htm |title=Afrikaans |work=Omniglot |accessdate=22 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/8437/Afrikaans-language |title=Afrikaans language |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |accessdate=22 September 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831105055/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/8437/Afrikaans-language|archivedate=31 August 2010 <!--DASHBot-->|deadurl=no }}</ref> Ing pramila abad 18 lan nganthi abad 20, Basa Afrikaans ing Basa Landa dianggep kanthi "kitchen language" utawa Basa Pawonan ({{lang-af|kombuistaal|links=no}}), lan kurang géngsiné, uga diarani basa ngisoré Basa Landa sing umum ''{{lang|nl|Kaaps Hollands}}'' ("Cape Dutch," i.e. Afrikaans) ''{{lang|nl|geradbraakt}}," ''{{lang|nl|gebroken}}'' anf ''{{lang|nl|onbeschaafd Hollands}}'' ("Basa Landa Ndhésa"), saliyané diarani ''{{lang|nl|verkeerd Nederlands}}'' ("Basa Landa Salah").<ref>Alatis, Hamilton, Ai-Hui Tan (2002). ''Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 2000: Linguistics, Language and the Professions: Education, Journalism, Law, Medicine, and Technology." Washington, DC: University Press. ISBN 978-0-87840-373-8, p. 132.</ref><ref>Keith Brown and Sarah Ogilvie, eds. (2008). ''Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World." Oxford, UK: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7, p. 8.</ref> Kira-kira 90 nganthi 95% tetembungan Basa Afrikaans mula saka Basa Landa,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIivedw-oZYC |title=Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics |accessdate=23 August 2008 |first=Rajend |last=Mesthrie |publisher=New Africa Books |page=214 |year=1995 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GeUUAAAAIAAJ |title=The Dutch Language: A Survey |page=132 |first=Pierre |last1=Brachin |first2=Paul |last2=Vincent |publisher=Brill Archive |accessdate=3 November 2008 |year=1985 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqaGb_SEQHUC |title=Language in South Africa |page=205 |accessdate=18 May 2010 |first=Rajend |last=Mesthrie |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2002 }}</ref> lan ana pambédha ing tetembungan antaraning rong basa iki;<ref>{{harvnb|Sebba|1997|p=161}}</ref> nanging Afrikaans duwé morpologi sing luwih katon,<ref name="holm"/> paramasastra lan éjan.<ref name="sebba">{{cite book |ref=harv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRT_jZl39AMC |title=Contact languages: pidgins and creoles |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first=Mark |last=Sebba |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=1997 }}</ref> Ana tataran silihmangertèn utawa [[mutual intelligibility]] antara rong basa kasebut,<ref name="holm">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PcD7p9y3EIcC |title=Pidgins and Creoles: References survey |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first=John A. |last=Holm |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=338 |year=1989 }}</ref><ref name="baker">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgtSqB9oqDIC |title=Encyclopedia of bilingualism and bilingual education |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first1=Colin |last1=Baker |first2=Sylvia |last2=Prys Jones |publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd. |page=302 |year=1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zlUp5Xuc8C |title=Language change: contributions to the study of its causes |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first1=Leiv |last1=Egil Breivik |first2=Ernst |last2=Håkon Jahr |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |page=232 |year=1987 }}</ref> mligané ing panulisan.<ref name="sebba"/><ref name="sebba2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHgsfADZF9IC |title=Spelling and society: the culture and politics of orthography around the world |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first=Mark |last=Sebba |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2007 }}</ref><ref name="gooskens"/>
Basa Afrikaans olèh njupuk silihan tetembungan lan paramasastra saka basa-basa liyané kaya ta acquired [[Basa Melayu]], [[Basa Khoisan]], [[Basa Portugis]],<ref name="deumert">{{cite book |ref=harv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ciimg5gGqQC |title=Language Standardization and Language Change: The Dynamics of Cape Dutch |accessdate=10 November 2008 |work=Ana Deumert |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |year=2004 |page=22 }}</ref> lan [[Basa-basa Bantu]],<ref name="niesler">{{cite book |ref=harv |url=http://academic.sun.ac.za/su_clast/documents/SALALS2005.pdf |first1=Thomas |last1=Niesler |first2=Philippa |last2=Louw |first3=Justus |last3=Roux |year=2005 |title=Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases |journal=Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=459–474}}</ref> and Afrikaans has also been significantly influenced by [[South African English]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lycos.com/info/afrikaans--standard-afrikaans.html |title=Afrikaans: Standard Afrikaans |publisher=Lycos Retriever |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120182430/http://www.lycos.com/info/afrikaans--standard-afrikaans.html |archivedate=20 November 2011 }}</ref> Nanging, panyatur Basa Landa kerep ngadhepi luwih sithik kebingungan yèn ngrungokaké panyatur basa Afrikaans tinimbang kosok baliné.<ref name="gooskens"/><!--see page 460--> Silihpangertèn iki ora sepadan, amarga panyatur Basa Landa luwih bisa reti Afrikaans tinimbang sewaliké.<ref name="gooskens">{{cite journal |url=http://www.let.rug.nl/gooskens/pdf/publ_JMMD_2007.pdf |title=The Contribution of Linguistic Factors to the Intelligibility of Closely Related Languages |first1=Charlotte |last1=Gooskens |journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development |volume=28 |issue=6 |date=November 2007 |pages=445–467 |publisher=[[University of Groningen]] |accessdate=19 May 2010 }}</ref><!--see page 464--> Lumrahé, silihpangertèn antaraning Landa lan Afrikaans luwih gedhé tinimbang Landa lan [[Basa Frisia]]<ref name="thije">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gIEN068J3gC |title=Receptive Multilingualism: Linguistic analyses, language policies and didactic concepts |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first1= Jan D. |last1=ten Thije |first2=Ludger |last2=Zeevaert |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |page=17 |year=2007}}</ref> utawa antaraning [[Basa-Basa Jermanik Lor]] kaya ta [[Basa]] lan [[Basa Swedia]].<ref name="gooskens"/><!--see page 463--> Panulis lan juru gurit Afrika Kidul
===Pangembangan===
Akèh-akèhané para pamanggon pramila sing cukilé saiki diarani wong [[Afrikaner]] asalé saka [[Republik Pitung Provinsi Walanda]] sing saiki dadi [[Walanda]] lan [[Flander]],<ref name="zastudy">{{cite book|title=Area Handbook for the Republic of South Africa|last=Kaplan|first=Irving|pages=46–771}}</ref> sanajan seperenemé uga saka Prancis, mligané [[Huguenot]] lan seperpitu saka Jérman.<ref name="Britannica1933">{{cite encyclopedia|year=1933|title=Cape Colony|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|editor=James Louis Garvin}}</ref>
Buruh lan buruh tukon sing uga ngembangaké basa Afrikaans
Awit taun 1815, Basa Afrikaans ngganthèni basa Melayu dadi basa pangajaran ing sekolah-sekolah Islam [[Afrika Kidul]], mula ditulis ing [[Abjad Arab]]: dheleng [[Arabic Afrikaans]]. Sabanjuré, Basa Afrikaans sing ditulis ing aksara Latin, mula ana ing layang kabar, lan panulisan-panulisan agama lan pulitik awit 1850.<ref name="omniglot.com" />
Larik 55:
Mulané Afrikaans dianggep pérangan dhialèk Basa Landa ing Afrika Kidul nganthi pramila abad 20, nalika basa iki diakoni dadi basa sing séjé ing undhang-undhang Afrika Kidul, bebarengan karo Basa Landa baku, sing akiré Afrikaans ngganthèni dadi salah sawijining basa resmi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keylanguages.com/new_english/afrikaans.html |title=Afrikaans Language Courses in London |publisher=Keylanguages.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812185524/http://www.keylanguages.com/new_english/afrikaans.html |archivedate=12 August 2007 |date= |accessdate=22 September 2010 }}</ref>
Sadurungé [[Perang Boer]] (1880-1881 lan1899-1902), "lan pirang taun sakbaré, basa Afrikaans dianggep ora patut kanggo pandhdikan. Malahan dianggep kaya ‘basa pawonan’ utawa ‘basa kasar’, sing pantes dadi sesambungan antaraning wong Boers menyang." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/emoryac/detail.action?docID=10096117|title=Language Planning & Policy S. : Language Planning and Policy in Africa : Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique and South Africa|last=Kaplan and Baldauf|first=Robert B. and Richard B.|dead-url=|access-date=March 30, 2017}}</ref> Nanging, 23 taun sawisé Perang Boer Kapindo babar ing taun 1902, lan uga amarga upayané Gerakan Basa Afrikans ( the Afrikans Language Movement )<ref name=":0" /> ing tanggal 8
====Monumèn====
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[[File:Graham Maclachlan - Gevaar Slagysters.jpg|thumb|left|Tetenger ing Afrikaans: ''{{lang|af|Gevaar Slagysters}}'' utawa "Awas jeglongan"]]
Bausastra pratama basa Afrikaans ''{{lang|af|[[Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal]]}}'' (WAT) (''Dictionary of the Afrikaans Language''), sing durung pepeg , nanging ana bausastra sak volume sing digawé padinan
===Kitab Injil Pertalan Afrikaans===
{{Kaca Utama|Pertalan Injil ing Basa Afrikaans}}
Tetenger utama pangembangané basa iku
C. P. Hoogehout, [[:af:Arnoldus Pannevis|Arnoldus Pannevis]], lan [[Stephanus Jacobus du Toit]] wong-wong sing pramula mertalaké injil ing basa Afrikaans the first. Panenger pertalan injil ing basa iku ing taun 1878 saka pertalané C. P. Hoogehout's translation of the ''{{lang|af|Evangelie volgens Markus}}'' ([[Injil Markus]], sing maksudé. Injil miturut Markus); nanging pertalan iku ora diterbitaké lan kasimpen ing Perpustakan Nasional Afrika Kidul (the South African National Library), Kutha Cape Town.
Pertalan sampurna injil ing basa Afrikaans terbit ing taun 1933 déning [[J. D. du Toit]], E. E. van Rooyen, J. D. Kestell, H. C. M. Fourie, lan [[BB Keet]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.enigstetroos.org/bybelstudie.htm |title=Bybelstudies |accessdate=23 September 2008 |last=Bogaards |first=Attie H. |language=af |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010173208/http://www.enigstetroos.org/bybelstudie.htm |archivedate=10 October 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bybelgenootskap.co.za/afr/bybelgenootskap/jongste_nuus.asp |title=Afrikaanse Bybel vier 75 jaar |accessdate=23 September 2008 |date=25 August 2008 |publisher=Bybelgenootskap van Suid-Afrika |language=af |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609161131/http://www.bybelgenootskap.co.za/afr/bybelgenootskap/jongste_nuus.asp |archivedate=9 June 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> Karya iki dadi tetenger sing ndadikaké basa Afrikaans ''{{lang|af|'n suiwer en oordentlike taal}}'',
Ing 1983, pertalan anyar mangayubagyani 50 taun pertalan injil taun 1933 lan ngapiki versi sing butuh dibesuti. Besutan akir èdisi iki digarap déning E. P. Groenewald, A. H. van Zyl, P. A. Verhoef, J. L. Helberg lan W. Kempen.
Larik 90:
****** Afrikaans, [[Basa Kréol Landa]]
Afrikaans kalebu sub kelompok dhéwé ing [[Basa-basa Jérmanik Kulon|Jérmanik Kulon]] lan kalebu [[Basa-basa Frankonia Ngisor|Frankonia Ngisor]]. Basa Afrikaans akèh silihmangertèn karo [[Basa Landa]]. Basa-basa liyané sing sadhulur
==Laladan Pasebaran==
Larik 140:
Basa Afrikaans uga duwé pangaruh ing [[Basa Inggris Afrika Kidul]]. Akèh tetembungan Basa Inggris kana sing dijupuk saka Afrikaans, kaya ta ''{{lang|af|[[bakkie]]}}'' ("truk bukaan"), ''{{lang|af|[[braai]]}}'' ("panggangan"), ''{{lang|af|[[naartjie]]}}'' ("jeruk keprok"), ''{{lang|af|tekkies}}'' (Ing Amèrika "sneakers", ing Inggris "trainers", ing Kanada "runners" sing artiné sepatu kèts). Ana sawetara tembung ing basa Inggris baku uga wod saka basa Afrikaans, kaya tuladha, ''[[aardvark]]'' (lit. "babi lemah"), ''[[trekking|trek]]'' ("lelana pambuka", maksud asliné "narik" tapi uga artiné "pindahan"), ''spoor'' ("dalan tikus"), ''{{lang|af|veld}}'' ("latar" ing Afrikaans. "lapangan"), ''commando'' from saka tembung Afrikaans ''{{lang|af|kommando}}'' sing artiné unit tarung cilik, ''{{lang|af|boomslang}}'' ("ula uwit") lan ''{{lang|af|[[apartheid]]}}'' ("pisahan").
Ing taun 1976, para siswa SMA ing kutha [[Soweto]] pramula [[haruhara Soweto]] amarga pamarèntah mutusaké yèn basa Afrikaans didadèkaké basa prèntah kanggo separuh
Ing[[Undhang-Undhang Dhasar Afrika Kidul]] taun 1996, Afrikaans tetep dadi salah sawiji basa resmi saliyané basa Inggris lan sangang basa liyané. Artiné, kebijakan anyar iki ngalongi Afrikaans lan luwih milih basa Inggris, utawa kanggo ngakomodir basa-basa resmi liyané. Tuladhané ing taun 1996, [[South African Broadcasting Corporation]] ngelongi cacah siyaran télévisi ing basa Afrikaans, sawetara maskapé [[South African Airways]] ngilangi jeneng Afrikaans ''{{lang|af|Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens}}'' saka awak pesawaté. Pada karo liyané, misi diplomatik Afrika Kidul mung nampilaké tetenger nagara ing basa Inggris lan basa nagara panggonané, ora ning Afrikaans.
Sanajan kahanan ngono, basa Afrikaans tetep kuwat. Rena-rena layang kabar lan kalawarti ing baasa Afrikaans tetep diterbitaké ing cacah sing akèh. Salah sawijiné kalawarti umum kanggo kulawarga ''{{lang|af|[[Huisgenoot]]}}'' ing basa Afrikaans iki duwé paling akèh pawacan sakindhenging nagara.<ref>[http://www.superbrands.com/za/pdfs/HUISGENOOT.pdf Superbrands.com, visited on 21 March 2012.]</ref> Saliyané iku, salah sawiji saluran TV berbayar ing basa Afrikaans sing jenengé [[KykNet]] uga nyiar awit taun 1999, lan saluran musik Afrikaans music channel, [[MK (channel)|MK]] (''{{lang|af|Musiek kanaal}}'') (Saluran Musik), ing taun 2005. Buku-buku basa Afrikaans isih uga diterbitaké saben taun, mligané déning penerbit Human & Rousseau, {{lang|af|Tafelberg Uitgewers}}, {{lang|af|Struik}}, lan {{lang|af|Protea Boekhuis}}. Trilogi film Afrikaans sing judhulé ''{{lang|af|[[Bakgat]]}}'' (ditayangké taun 2008) nggarai bangkité indhustri film basa Afrikaans (sing wis mandheg awit tengah-tengah taun 1990an) lan lagu pramilané penyanyi kalairan Bèlgi
Basa Afrikaans andhuwé rong tugu sing dibangun kanggo pangurmatan. Tugu pramila dibangun ing {{lang|af|[[Burgersdorp]]}}, Afrika Kidul, ing taun 1893, lan tugu kapindho, sing luwih apik lan dibangun déning [[Afrikaans Language Monument]] (''{{lang|af|Afrikaanse Taalmonument}}''), ana ing [[Paarl]], Afrika Kidul, ing taun 1975.
Nalika kalawarti desain asal Inggris
Basa Landa Modern lan Afrikaans duwé 90 persèn tetembungan sing padha. Panyatur Afrikaans bisa reti lan sinau basa Landa mung sedhiluk. Panyatur basa Landa malah luwih rikat manèh yèn nyinaoni basa Afrikaans, amarga paramasastrané sing ringkes, nanging yèn mangertèni basa guneman rada suwé. Sawetara panyatur basa Afrikaans bisa sinau pangucapan basa Landa lumantar cara latian sedhiluk. Iku sing nggampangaké perusahaan-perusahaan saka Walanda lan Bèlgia mbukak pusat télépon ing Afrika Kidul..<ref>[http://www.eprop.co.za/news/item/4489-SA-holds-its-own-in-global-call-centre-industry.html "SA holds its own in global call centre industry"], eProp Commercial Property News in South Africa.</ref>
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