Gangguan swasana ati: Béda antara owahan

Analisa Mèta nuduhaké manawa skor dhuwur kanggo neuroticism minangka prakiraan kuwat kanggo pangembangan gangguan swasana ati. Sawetara penulis uga mènèhi saran manawa gangguan swasana minangka adaptasi [[Évolusi|èvolusi]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jeronimus|first=B. F.|last2=Kotov|first2=R.|last3=Riese|first3=H.|last4=Ormel|first4=J.|date=2016/10|title=Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/neuroticisms-prospective-association-with-mental-disorders-halves-after-adjustment-for-baseline-symptoms-and-psychiatric-history-but-the-adjusted-association-hardly-decays-with-time-a-metaanalysis-on-59-longitudinalprospective-studies-with-443-313-participants/35DF609ABE724C4F25C247D03C38BB3C|journal=Psychological Medicine|language=en|volume=46|issue=14|pages=2883–2906|doi=10.1017/S0033291716001653|issn=0033-2917}}</ref> Swasana sithik utawa dèprèsi bisa nambah katrampilan individu kanggo ngatasi kaanan kang bisa nggayuh tujuwan utama bisa nyebabaké bebaya, rugi, utawa upaya kang mbuwang.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nesse|first=Randolph M.|date=2000-01-01|title=Is Depression an Adaptation?|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/481547|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|language=en|volume=57|issue=1|pages=14–20|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.14|issn=0003-990X}}</ref> Ing kaanan kasebut, motivasi sithik bisa mènèhi keuntungan kanthi nyegah tumindak tartamtu. Tèori iki mbantu kanggo nerangaké ngapa kedadèyan urip nègatif sadurungé dèprèsi udakara 80 persèn saka kasus, lan sebab dhèwéké asring nyerang wong-wong ing umur [[Réprodhuksi|rèprodhuksi]]. Swasana dèprèsi minangka tanggapan kang bisa ditemtokaké kanggo sawetara jinis kedadèyan urip, kayata kelangan status, pegat, utawa matiné wong kang ditresnani. Iki minangka prekara kang mènèhi kekurangan digdaya utawa potènsial rèprodhuksi, utawa kang ditindakaké ing manungsa. Swasana ati kang dèprèsi bisa dideleng minangka tanggapan adaptif[[adhaptasi]], amarga bisa nyebabaké individu nyingkiraké kabiyasaan prilaku sadurungé. Swasana dèprèsi umumé ngalami lelara, kaya ta [[watuk]], pilek. Bisa dibantah manawa iki minangka mèkanisme kang ngrembaka kang nulungi saben wong kasebut kanthi mbatesi kagiyatan awak. Kedadèan dèprèsi tingkat rendah sajroné wulan-wulan tertentu, utawa gangguan pengaruh mangsan, bisa uga adaptasi kepungkur, kanthi mbatesi kagiyatan awak ing wektu nalika panganan ora sithik. Andharan manawa manungsa wis njaga naluri kasebut ngalami ngalami swasana ati nalika wulan mangsa, sanajan kasedhiyan panganan ora ditemtokaké manèh dèning wayah kaanan.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30700762|title=Why we get sick : the new science of Darwinian medicine|last=Nesse, Randolph M.,|date=1994|publisher=Times Books|isbn=0-8129-2224-7|edition=1st ed|location=New York|oclc=30700762}}</ref> Akèh kang ngerti babagan pengaruh gènètik dèprèsi klinis adhedhasar risèt kang wis ditindakaké karo wong kang kembar. Kembar idhèntik loro duwé kodhe gènètik kang padha. Wis ditemokaké yèn nalika kembar kang padha dadi dèprèsi, liyané uga bakal nandang dèprèsi klinis kira-kira 76%. Nalika kembar idhèntik dipisahaké ing saben liyané, loro-loroné bakal dèprèsi udakara 67%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pieczenik|first=Steve R.|last2=Neustadt|first2=John|date=2007-08-01|title=Mitochondrial dysfunction and molecular pathways of disease|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014480006001328|journal=Experimental and Molecular Pathology|language=en|volume=83|issue=1|pages=84–92|doi=10.1016/j.yexmp.2006.09.008|issn=0014-4800}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scaini|first=Giselli|last2=Rezin|first2=Gislaine T.|last3=Carvalho|first3=Andre F.|last4=Streck|first4=Emilio L.|last5=Berk|first5=Michael|last6=Quevedo|first6=João|date=2016-09-01|title=Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder: Evidence, pathophysiology and translational implications|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763415301263|journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews|language=en|volume=68|pages=694–713|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.040|issn=0149-7634}}</ref>

Gangguan dèpresi kang gedhe banget, dumadi ing ombèn-ombèn kang abot lan kang padha mabuk marga alkohol. Kontroversi sadurungé ngubengi manawa ana kang nyalahaké [[alkohol]] lan dèpresi nandhang dèpresi sadurungé ana. Nanging risèt anyar wis nyimpulaké, sanajan iki bisa uga ana ing sawetara kasus, penyalahgunaan alkohol kanthi langsung nyebabaké pangembangan dèprèsi ing sajumlah peminum berat. Peserta sinau uga ditaksir sajroné prastawa strès ing urip lan diukur Skala. Kajaba iku, dhèwéké uga ditaksir gegayutan karo kanca-kanca kang nakal, ora duwé pengangguran, lan nggunakaké bahan mitra lan tumindak pidana.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fergusson|first=David M.|last2=Boden|first2=Joseph M.|last3=Horwood|first3=L. John|date=2009-03-01|title=Tests of Causal Links Between Alcohol Abuse or Dependence and Major Depression|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/483005|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|language=en|volume=66|issue=3|pages=260–266|doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.543|issn=0003-990X}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Falk|first=Daniel E.|last2=Yi|first2=Hsiao-ye|last3=Hilton|first3=Michael E.|date=2008-04-01|title=Age of onset and temporal sequencing of lifetime DSM-IV alcohol use disorders relative to comorbid mood and anxiety disorders|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871607004991|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence|language=en|volume=94|issue=1|pages=234–245|doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.022|issn=0376-8716}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schuckit|first=Marc A.|last2=Smith|first2=Tom L.|last3=Danko|first3=George P.|last4=Pierson|first4=Juliann|last5=Trim|first5=Ryan|last6=Nurnberger|first6=John I.|last7=Kramer|first7=John|last8=Kuperman|first8=Samuel|last9=Bierut|first9=Laura J.|date=2007-11-01|title=A Comparison of Factors Associated With Substance-Induced Versus Independent Depressions|url=https://www.jsad.com/doi/10.15288/jsad.2007.68.805|journal=Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs|volume=68|issue=6|pages=805–812|doi=10.15288/jsad.2007.68.805|issn=1937-1888}}</ref> Tingkat bunuh diri kang dhuwur uga ana kang nduwé masalah kang gegandhengan karo alkohol. Biasané bisa bèda karo dèprèsi kang gegandhengan karo alkohol lan dèprèsi kang ora ana gandhengané karo asupan alkohol kanthi njupuk riwayat kang ati-ati pasien. Dèprèsi lan masalah [[kesehatan]] mèntal liyané kang ana gandhengané karo penyalahgunaan alkohol bisa uga amarga distorsi [[kimia]] otak, amarga dhèwéké cenderung ningkataké dhèwé sawiée periode pantangan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wetterling|first=T.|last2=Junghanns|first2=K.|date=2000/12|title=Psychopathology of alcoholics during withdrawal and early abstinence|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-psychiatry/article/psychopathology-of-alcoholics-during-withdrawal-and-early-abstinence/6404E7EC8A057A02FAA2A94CA2C03007|journal=European Psychiatry|language=en|volume=15|issue=8|pages=483–488|doi=10.1016/S0924-9338(00)00519-8|issn=0924-9338}}</ref>