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Patang laras (Cina Tengahan): Béda antara owahan

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Kaca anyar: '''Patang laras''' kang ana ing guguritan lan carabasawidya Cina (Aksara Kan: 四聲; pinyin: ''sìshēng'') yaiku patang kêlas laras tradhisiyonal tetembungan...
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Larik 1:
'''Patang laras''' kang ana ing guguritan lan carabasawidya Cina ([[Aksara Cinten|Aksara Kan]]: 四聲; [[pinyin]]: ''sìshēng'') yaiku patang kêlas laras tradhisiyonal tetembungan Cina. Patang laras iki duwe guna kang penting ing guguritan Cina lan ing pasinau bandhingan kanggo parijinis-parijinis basa Cina ing basawidya Cina tradhisiyonal utawa Kulonan. Laras-laras iki silihsaur karo swarawidya basa Cina Tengahan lan karanan têtêg (平), munggah (上), mangkat (去), lan mlebu (入). Amarga pegat lan gathuking laras ing jaman biyen, ora ana parijinis basa Cina Modheren kang duwe ganep papat larasing basa Cina Tengahan. Ananging, laras-laras iku mau isih kawenehan tandha ing bausastra padhalagu.
 
== Panjlentreh Laras ing Basa Cina Modheren ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Panjlentrehaning patang kelas laras ing basa Cina Modheren
Saben kelas laras katandha angka urut ① nganti ⑧, miturut pangilone ing basa Cina Tengahan Pungkasan, katurutake karo carawacane nganggo aksara laras kanggo nggambarake konture lan banjur karo wujud angkane
! rowspan="5" |Klumpukan utama
! rowspan="5" |bagakumpukan
! rowspan="5" |parijinis laladan
! colspan="14" |Kelas laras basa Cina Tengahan Wiwitan
! rowspan="6" |number of
tone classes
(number of
phonemic tones)
|-
| colspan="3" |꜀'''平'''Teteg ꜀①꜁②
| colspan="3" |꜂'''上''' '''Munggah''' ꜂③꜃④
| colspan="4" |'''去'''꜄ '''Mangkat''' ⑤꜄⑥꜅
| colspan="4" |'''入'''꜆ '''Mlebu''' ⑦꜆⑧꜇
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Syllable onset]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Voiceless|agosa]]
! colspan="2" |[[Voice (phonetics)|sagosa]]
! rowspan="2" |agosa
! colspan="2" |sagosa
! colspan="2" |agosa
! colspan="2" |sagosa
! colspan="2" |agosa
! colspan="2" |sagosa
|-
![[Sonorant|son]]
![[Obstruent|obs]]
!son
!obs
![[Tenuis stop|tenuis]]
![[Aspirated consonant|asp]]
!son
!obs
!(short)
!(long)
!son
!obs
|-
! colspan="3" |Tuladhajupuk:
|花
|人
|平
|考
|马
|上
|去
|票
|外
|大
|北
|八
|入
|白
|-
| rowspan="11" |[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
|[[Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)|Beijing]]
|[[Beijing dialect|Beijing]]
|① ˥ 55
| colspan="2" |②ʰ ˧˥ 35
| colspan="2" |③ ˨˩˦ 214
| colspan="5" |⑤˥˩ 51
| colspan="2" |(any)§
|⑤
|②
|4
|-
|[[Jilu Mandarin|Ji–Lu]]
|[[Jinan dialect|Jinan]]
|① ˨˩˧ 213
| colspan="2" |②ʰ ˦˨ 42
| colspan="2" |③ ˥ 55
| colspan="5" |⑤ ˨˩ 21
| colspan="2" |①
|⑤
|②
|4
|-
|[[Jiaoliao Mandarin|Jiao–Liao]]
|[[Dalian]]
|①
| colspan="2" |②ʰ
| colspan="2" |③
| colspan="5" |⑤
| colspan="2" |③
|⑤
|②
|4
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Zhongyuan Mandarin|Zhongyuan]](Central Plain)
|[[Guanzhong dialect|Xi'an]]
|① ˧˩ 31
| colspan="2" |②ʰ ˨˦ 24
| colspan="2" |③ ˦˨ 42
| colspan="5" |⑤ ˥ 55
| colspan="3" |①
|②
|4
|-
|[[Dungan language|Dungan]]
| colspan="3" |① ˨˦ 24
| colspan="2" |③ ˥˩ 51
| colspan="5" |⑤ ˦ 44
| colspan="3" |①
|③
|3
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Lanyin Mandarin|Lan–Yin]]
|[[Lanzhou]]
|① ˧˩ 31
| colspan="2" |②ʰ ˥˧ 53
| colspan="2" |③ ˦˦˨ 442
| colspan="8" |⑤ ˩˧ 13
|②
|4
|-
|[[Yinchuan]]
|①
| colspan="4" |③
| colspan="9" |⑤
|3
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Southwestern Mandarin|Southwestern]]
|[[Chengdu]]
|① ˥ 5
| colspan="2" |②ʰ ˨˩ 21
| colspan="2" |③ ˦˨ 42
| colspan="5" |⑤ ˨˩˧ 213
| colspan="4" |②
|4
|-
|[[Luzhou]]
|① ˥ 5
| colspan="2" |②ʰ ˨˩ 21
| colspan="2" |③ ˦˨ 42
| colspan="5" |⑤ ˩˧ 13
| colspan="4" |⑦ˀ ˧ 3
|5
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Jianghuai Mandarin|Jiang–Huai]]
|[[Nanjing]]
|① ˧˩ 31
| colspan="2" |②ʰ ˩˧ 13
| colspan="2" |③ ˨˩˨ 212
| colspan="5" |⑤ ˦ 44
| colspan="4" |⑦ˀ ˥ 5
|5 (4)
|-
|[[Nantong dialect|Nantong]]
|① 35
| colspan="2" |②ʰ 21
| colspan="2" |③ 55
|⑥
| colspan="2" |⑤ 213
| colspan="2" |⑥ 42
| colspan="2" |⑦ˀ 55ʔ
| colspan="2" |⑧ˀ 42ʔ
|7 (5)
|-
|[[Jin Chinese|Jin]]
|Bingzhou
|[[Taiyuan]]
| colspan="3" |① ˩ 11
| colspan="2" |③ ˥˧ 53
| colspan="5" |⑤ ˦˥ 45
| colspan="3" |⑦ˀ ˨ 2
|⑧ˀ ˥˦54
|5 (3)
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Wu Chinese|Wu]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Taihu Wu dialects|Taihu]]
|[[Shanghainese]]
|① ˥˨ 52
| colspan="2" |⑥°
|⑤
| colspan="2" |⑥°
| colspan="2" |⑤ ˧˧˦ 334
| colspan="2" |⑥° ˩˩˧113
| colspan="2" |⑦ˀ ˥ 5
| colspan="2" |⑧ˀ° ˨˧ 23
|5 (2)°
|-
|[[Suzhou dialect|Suzhou]]
|① ˦ 44
| colspan="2" |②° ˨˦ 24
|③ ˥˨ 52
| colspan="2" |⑥°
| colspan="2" |⑤ ˦˩˨ 412
| colspan="2" |⑥° ˧˩ 31
| colspan="2" |⑦ˀ ˦ 4
| colspan="2" |⑧ˀ° ˨˧ 23
|7 (3)°
|-
|Oujiang
|[[Wenzhounese]]
|① ˦ 44
| colspan="2" |②° ˧˩ 31
| colspan="3" |③ʔ/④ʔ° ˧˥ 35
| colspan="2" |⑤ ˥˨ 52
| colspan="2" |⑥° ˨ 22
| colspan="4" |⑦/⑧° ˧˨˧ 323
|8 (4–6)°
|-
|[[Huizhou Chinese|Huizhou]]
|Ji-She
|[[Jixi County|Jixi]]
|① ˧˩ 31
| colspan="2" |② ˦ 44
| colspan="3" |③ ˨˩˧ 213
| colspan="2" |⑤ ˧˥ 35
| colspan="2" |⑥ ˨ 22
| colspan="4" |⑦ˀ ˧˨ 32
|6 (5)
|-
|[[Xiang Chinese|Xiang]]
|[[New Xiang|New]]
|[[Changsha dialect|Changsha]]
|① ˧ 33
| colspan="2" |② ˩˧ 13
| colspan="2" |③ ˦˩ 41
|⑥
| colspan="2" |⑤ ˥ 55
| colspan="2" |⑥ ˨˩ 21
| colspan="4" |⑦ˀ ˨˦ 24
|6 (5)
|-
|[[Gan Chinese|Gan]]
|Changjing
|[[Nanchang dialect|Nanchang]]
|① ˦˨ 42
|⑤
|②˨˦24
| colspan="2" |③ ˨˩˧ 213
|⑥
|⑤ ˥55
|③
| colspan="2" |⑥ ˨˩ 21
| colspan="2" |⑦ˀ ˥ 5
| colspan="2" |⑧ˀ ˨˩ 21
|7 (5)
|-
|[[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]]
|[[Meizhou dialect|Meizhou]]
|[[Mei County, Guangdong|Meixian]]
|① ˦ 44
| colspan="2" |② ˩ 11
| colspan="2" |③ ˧˩ 31
| colspan="5" |⑤ ˥˨ 52
| colspan="2" |⑦ˀ ˨˩ 21
| colspan="2" |⑧ˀ ˦ 4
|6 (4)
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Yue Chinese|Yue]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Yuehai dialects|Yuehai]]
|[[Guangzhou]]
|①a ˥ 55 ~①b ˥˧ 53'''◊'''
| colspan="2" |②ʰ ˨˩21~11
|③ ˧˥ 35
| colspan="2" |④ʰ* ˩˧ 13
| colspan="2" |⑤ ˧ 33
| colspan="2" |⑥ ˨ 22
|⑦aˀ ˥5
|⑦bˀ ˧3
| colspan="2" |⑧ˀ ˨ 2
|9~10 (6~7)
|-
|[[Hong Kong Cantonese|Hong Kong]]
|① ˥ 55
| colspan="2" |②ʰ ˨˩21~11
|③‖ ˨˥ 25
| colspan="2" |④ʰ*‖ ˨˧ 23
| colspan="2" |⑤ ˧ 33
| colspan="2" |⑥ ˨ 22
|⑦aˀ ˥5
|⑦bˀ ˧3
| colspan="2" |⑧ˀ ˨ 2
|9 (6)
|-
|[[Shiqi dialect|Shiqi]]
|① ˥ 55
| colspan="2" |② ˥˩ 51
| colspan="3" |③ ˩˧ 13
| colspan="4" |⑤ ˨ 22
|⑦aˀ ˥5
| colspan="3" |⑧ˀ ˨ 2
|6 (4)
|-
|[[Siyi dialect|Siyi]]
|[[Taishanese]]
|① ˧ 33
| colspan="2" |②ʰ<sup>?</sup> ˩ 11
|③ ˥ 55
| colspan="2" |④ʰ<sup>?</sup> ˨˩ 21
| colspan="2" |①
| colspan="2" |⑥ ˧˨ 32
|⑦aˀ ˥5
|⑦bˀ ˧3
| colspan="2" |⑧ˀ ˨˩ 21
|8 (5)
|-
|[[Gou-Lou Yue|Gou-Lou]]
|[[Bobai dialect|Bobai]]
|① ˦ 44
| colspan="2" |②ʰ<sup>?</sup> ˨˧ 23
|③ ˧ 33
| colspan="2" |④ʰ<sup>?</sup> ˦˥ 45
| colspan="2" |⑤ ˧˨ 32
| colspan="2" |⑥ ˨˩ 21
|⑦aˀ ˥˦54
|⑦bˀ ˩1
|⑧aˀ˦ 4
<small>(long)</small>
|⑧bˀ˧˨ 32
<small>(short)</small>
|10 (6)
|-
|[[Pinghua]]
|Southern
|[[Nanning]]
|① ˥˨ 52
| colspan="2" |②ʰ<sup>?</sup> ˨˩ 21
|③ ˦ 44
| colspan="2" |④ʰ<sup>?</sup> ˨˦ 24
| colspan="2" |⑤ ˥ 55
| colspan="2" |⑥ ˨ 22
| colspan="2" |⑦ˀ ˦ 4
|⑧aˀ˨˦ 24
|⑧bˀ ˨2
|9 (6)
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Min Chinese|Min]]
|[[Northern Min|Northern]]
|[[Jian'ou dialect|Jian'ou]]
|① ˥˦ 54
|⑤
| colspan="4" |③ ˨˩ 21
| colspan="2" |⑤ ˨ 22
| colspan="2" |⑥ ˦ 44
| colspan="2" |⑦ˀ ˨˦ 24
| colspan="2" |⑧ˀ ˦˨ 42
|6 (4)
|-
|[[Eastern Min|Eastern]]
|[[Fuzhou dialect|Fuzhou]]
|① ˥ 55
| colspan="2" |② ˥˧ 53
| colspan="3" |③ ˧ 33
| colspan="2" |⑤ ˨˩˧ 213
| colspan="2" |⑥ ˨˦˨ 242
| colspan="2" |⑦ˀ ˨˦ 24
| colspan="2" |⑧ˀ ˥ 5
|7 (5)
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Southern Min|Southern]]
|[[Amoy dialect|Amoy]]
|① ˥ 55
| colspan="2" |② ˧˥ 35
| colspan="2" |③ ˥˧ 53
| colspan="1" |③/⑥†
| colspan="2" |⑤ ˨˩ 21
| colspan="2" |⑥ ˧ 33
| colspan="2" |⑦ˀ ˩ 1
| colspan="2" |⑧ˀ ˥ 5
|7 (5)
|-
|[[Quanzhou dialect|Quanzhou]]
|① ˧ 33
| colspan="2" |② ˨˦ 24
|③ ˥ 55
| colspan="1" |③/④†
| colspan="1" |④ ˨22
| colspan="2" |⑤‡ ˦˩ 41
| colspan="2" |⑥‡ ˦˩ 41
| colspan="2" |⑦ˀ ˥ 5
| colspan="2" |⑧ˀ ˨˦ 24
|8 (6)
|-
|[[Teochew dialect|Teochew]]
|① ˧ 33
| colspan="2" |② ˥ 55
|③ ˥˨ 52
| colspan="2" |④ ˧˥ 35
| colspan="2" |⑤ ˨˩˧ 213
|⑥ ˩11
|④/⑥ǃ
| colspan="2" |⑦ˀ ˨ 2
| colspan="2" |⑧ˀ ˦ 4
|8 (6)
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary|Sino-Vietnamese]]
|[[Vietnamese phonology|Northern]]
|[[Vietnamese phonology|Hanoi]]
| colspan="2" |① ˦ 44
|②˧˨32
|③ ˧˩˨ 312
|④˧˨˥325
|④/⑥
| colspan="2" |⑤ ˧˦ 34
| colspan="2" |⑥ ˨ 22
| colspan="2" |⑦ ˦˥ 45
| colspan="2" |⑧ ˨˩ 21
|8 (6)
|-
|Central
|Hue
| colspan="2" |① ˥˦˥ 545
|②˦˩41
| colspan="2" |③ ˧˨ 32
|③/⑥
| colspan="2" |⑤ ˨˩˦ 214
| colspan="2" |⑥ ˧˩ 31
| colspan="2" |⑦ ˦˧˥ 435
| colspan="2" |⑧ ˧˩ 31
|7 (5)
|-
|[[Vietnamese phonology|Southern]]
|[[Vietnamese phonology|Saigon]]
| colspan="2" |① ˦ 44
|②˧˩31
| colspan="2" |③ ˨˩˦ 214
|③/⑥
| colspan="2" |⑤ ˧˥ 35
| colspan="2" |⑥ ˨˩˨ 212
| colspan="2" |⑦ ˦˥ 45
| colspan="2" |⑧ ˨˩ 21
|7 (5)
|}
 
: § Irregular developmen
 
== Sawang uga ==
[[Basa Cina]]
Dijupuk saka "https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patang_laras_(Cina_Tengahan)"