|
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}
''' SaffronKumkuma''' ( pocapansaka {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|æ|f|r|ə|n}}basa utawaSangsekerta: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|æ|f|r|ɒ|n}}कुङ्कुम; ) <ref>{{Cite web|url=httpLatin: //www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/saffron|title=Saffron – Definition and More|website=[[Merriam-Webster]]|access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref> utawa [[:id:Kuma-kuma|'' kuṅkuma' kuma-kuma' '']]) iku [[Bumbon crakèn|bumbu]] kang asalé saka kembang sakawit kumkuma ('' crocusCrocus sativus'' , umum dikenal minangka "saffron crocus"). StigmaKumkuma lanracaké gaya layung sing jelas, diarani utas, dikumpulake lan dikeringakedigaringaké kanggo digunakakedadi utamane minangka bahan [[Pambumbuan|bumbu ]] lan pewarna ingpawarna panganan. SaffronKumkuma wis suwesuwé dadi rempah-rempahbumbu palingkang larang ing donya. {{Sfn|Rau|1969}} {{Sfn|Hill|2004}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-pics-world-s-costliest-spice-blooms-in-kashmir/20121109.htm|title=World's COSTLIEST spice blooms in Kashmir|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=7 January 2013}}</ref> Sanajan sawetaradurung keraguan isih anapesthi, <ref name="Gresta et al.">{{Cite journal|last=Gresta|first=F.|last2=Lombardo|first2=G. M.|last3=Siracusa|first3=L.|last4=Ruberto|first4=G.|year=2008|title=Saffron, an alternative crop for sustainable agricultural systems. A review|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00886393/document|journal=Agronomy for Sustainable Development|volume=28|issue=1|pages=95–112|doi=10.1051/agro:2007030}}</ref> diprecaya manawaasaling safronwit asalekumkuma saka [[Iran]] . <ref name="Ghorbani et al.">{{Cite book|url=https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02801642/file/Sustainable%20Agriculture%20Reviews%2014%20-%20Front%20Matter_1.pdf|title=Sustainable Agriculture Reviews|last=Ghorbani|first=R.|last2=Koocheki|first2=A.|publisher=Springer|year=2017|isbn=978-3-319-58679-3|editor-last=Lichtfouse|editor-first=Eric|pages=170–171|chapter=Sustainable Cultivation of Saffron in Iran|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-58679-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdksDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170}}</ref> NangingMangkonoa, Yunani lan Mesopotamia Mésopotamia uga disaranakedinuga minangka wilayahpapan asalasaling usul tanduranwit iki: Harold McGee <ref> Harold McGee. On Food and Cooking, 2004 edition, pg 422. Scribner, New York, NY, </ref> negesakekandha manawayèn dijenengiwit kumkuma dipomahaké ing Yunani utawa cedhak ing jamansacedhaké Perunggunalika Jaman Prunggu. ''C. sativus'' bisabokmanawa ugaminangka wujud [[Poliploidi|triploid]] saka '' saka Crocus cartwrightianus'', {{Sfn|Grilli Caiola|2003}} singkang uga dikenal minangkadiparabi " safronkumkuma liaralas". {{Sfn|Kafi et al.|2006}} <ref name="Schmidt et al.">{{Cite journal|last=Schmidt|first=Thomas|last2=Heitkam|first2=Tony|last3=Liedtke|first3=Susan|last4=Schubert|first4=Veit|last5=Menzel|first5=Gerhard|year=2019|title=Adding color to a century-old enigma: multi-color chromosome identification unravels the autotriploid nature of saffron (''Crocus sativus'') as a hybrid of wild ''Crocus cartwrightianus'' cytotypes|journal=New Phytologist|volume=222|issue=4|pages=1965–1980|doi=10.1111/nph.15715|issn=1469-8137|pmid=30690735}}</ref> <ref name="Harpke et al.">{{Cite journal|last=Harpke|first=Dörte|last2=Meng|first2=Shuchun|last3=Rutten|first3=Twan|last4=Kerndorff|first4=Helmut|last5=Blattner|first5=Frank R.|date=2013-03-01|title=Phylogeny of ''Crocus'' (Iridaceae) based on one chloroplast and two nuclear loci: Ancient hybridization and chromosome number evolution|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=66|issue=3|pages=617–627|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.007|issn=1055-7903|pmid=23123733}}</ref> CrocusKembang safronkumkuma alon-alon nyebarsumebar ing saindenging [[Éurasia |Eurasia]] lan banjur digawa menyang bagean-bageanmanéka laladan ing [[Afrika Lèr|Afrika Lor]] Lor, [[Amérikah Lor| AmerikaAmérika UtaraLor]], lan [[Oséania |Oceania]] . ▼[[Barkas:Saffron_salonik.jpg|al=premium saffron|250px|jmpl|kiri|Safron]]
▲'''Saffron''' (pocapan {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|æ|f|r|ə|n}} utawa {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|æ|f|r|ɒ|n}} ) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/saffron|title=Saffron – Definition and More|website=[[Merriam-Webster]]|access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref> utawa [[:id:Kuma-kuma|'''kuma-kuma''']] iku [[Bumbon crakèn|bumbu]] asalé saka kembang saka ''crocus sativus'', umum dikenal minangka "saffron crocus". Stigma lan gaya layung sing jelas, diarani utas, dikumpulake lan dikeringake kanggo digunakake utamane minangka bahan [[Pambumbuan|bumbu]] lan pewarna ing panganan. Saffron wis suwe dadi rempah-rempah paling larang ing donya. {{Sfn|Rau|1969}} {{Sfn|Hill|2004}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-pics-world-s-costliest-spice-blooms-in-kashmir/20121109.htm|title=World's COSTLIEST spice blooms in Kashmir|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=7 January 2013}}</ref> Sanajan sawetara keraguan isih ana, <ref name="Gresta et al.">{{Cite journal|last=Gresta|first=F.|last2=Lombardo|first2=G. M.|last3=Siracusa|first3=L.|last4=Ruberto|first4=G.|year=2008|title=Saffron, an alternative crop for sustainable agricultural systems. A review|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00886393/document|journal=Agronomy for Sustainable Development|volume=28|issue=1|pages=95–112|doi=10.1051/agro:2007030}}</ref> diprecaya manawa safron asale saka [[Iran]] . <ref name="Ghorbani et al.">{{Cite book|url=https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02801642/file/Sustainable%20Agriculture%20Reviews%2014%20-%20Front%20Matter_1.pdf|title=Sustainable Agriculture Reviews|last=Ghorbani|first=R.|last2=Koocheki|first2=A.|publisher=Springer|year=2017|isbn=978-3-319-58679-3|editor-last=Lichtfouse|editor-first=Eric|pages=170–171|chapter=Sustainable Cultivation of Saffron in Iran|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-58679-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdksDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170}}</ref> Nanging, Yunani lan Mesopotamia uga disaranake minangka wilayah asal usul tanduran iki: Harold McGee <ref> Harold McGee. On Food and Cooking, 2004 edition, pg 422. Scribner, New York, NY, </ref> negesake manawa dijenengi ing Yunani utawa cedhak ing jaman Perunggu. ''C. sativus'' bisa uga wujud [[Poliploidi|triploid]] ''saka Crocus cartwrightianus'', {{Sfn|Grilli Caiola|2003}} sing uga dikenal minangka "safron liar". {{Sfn|Kafi et al.|2006}} <ref name="Schmidt et al.">{{Cite journal|last=Schmidt|first=Thomas|last2=Heitkam|first2=Tony|last3=Liedtke|first3=Susan|last4=Schubert|first4=Veit|last5=Menzel|first5=Gerhard|year=2019|title=Adding color to a century-old enigma: multi-color chromosome identification unravels the autotriploid nature of saffron (''Crocus sativus'') as a hybrid of wild ''Crocus cartwrightianus'' cytotypes|journal=New Phytologist|volume=222|issue=4|pages=1965–1980|doi=10.1111/nph.15715|issn=1469-8137|pmid=30690735}}</ref> <ref name="Harpke et al.">{{Cite journal|last=Harpke|first=Dörte|last2=Meng|first2=Shuchun|last3=Rutten|first3=Twan|last4=Kerndorff|first4=Helmut|last5=Blattner|first5=Frank R.|date=2013-03-01|title=Phylogeny of ''Crocus'' (Iridaceae) based on one chloroplast and two nuclear loci: Ancient hybridization and chromosome number evolution|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=66|issue=3|pages=617–627|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.007|issn=1055-7903|pmid=23123733}}</ref> Crocus safron alon-alon nyebar ing saindenging [[Éurasia|Eurasia]] lan banjur digawa menyang bagean-bagean ing [[Afrika Lèr|Afrika]] Lor, [[Amérikah Lor|Amerika Utara]], lan [[Oséania|Oceania]] .
Rasa Saffron lan [[Iodoform|aromawangining iodoformkumkuma -]]kang kaya wangiijuk utawa kaya [[Hay|jerami]] asilasal saka [[Fisiokimia|fitokimia]] [[picrocrocin]]aran pikrokrosin lan [[safranal]] . {{Sfn|McGee|2004}} <ref name="Katzer20102">{{Cite web|url=http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com//engl/Croc_sat.html|title=Saffron (''Crocus sativus'' L.)|last=Katzer|first=G.|date=2010|website=Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages|access-date=1 December 2012}}</ref> UgaKumkuma ngemotuga pigmenngemu [[karotenoid]]pigmèn [[Buaya|,karoténoid crocin]]aran krosin, singkang menehimènèhi [[Saffron (warna)|warna kuning keemasan]]emas kayamarang ing piringpanganan lan tekstiljarit. [[SejarahCathetan safron|Sejarahsajarah singkang direkam]]nulisaké kumkuma dibuktekakeana ing risalahlayang botanitetanèn [[Wong Asyur|Asiria]] SMsaka abad kapingangka 7 SM{{Sfn|Russo|Dreher|Mathre|2003}} lan wis [[Dagang lan panggunaan safron|didol lan digunakakedianggo nganti]] ewonanéwonan taun. Ing abad kaping [[Abad pingangka 21|21]], [[Iran]] ngasilake udakara 90% saka totalgunggung safron.kumkuma sadonya kanthi mutu kang apik dhéwé.<ref name="hooker2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-41110151|title=The problem for the world's most expensive spice|last=Hooker|first=Lucy|date=2017-09-13|access-date=2020-01-12|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name="fierberg2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/why-saffron-world-most-expensive-spice-2018-4|title=Why saffron is the world's most expensive spice|last=Fierberg|first=Emma|website=Business Insider|access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref> KanthiMawa rega $USD 5,.000 saben kg utawa luwih, safronkumkuma minangkadadi rempah-rempahbumbu palingkang larang dhéwé ing donyasadonya.<ref name="cnn">{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/03/middleeast/iran-saffron-red-gold/|title=Iran's homegrown treasure: the spice that costs more than gold|last=Monks|first=Keiron|date=3 September 2015|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=22 January 2016}}</ref>
== Piridan ==
<ref name="cnn">{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/03/middleeast/iran-saffron-red-gold/|title=Iran's homegrown treasure: the spice that costs more than gold|last=Monks|first=Keiron|date=3 September 2015|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=22 January 2016}}</ref>
== Referensi ==
[[Kategori:Rempah-rempah]]
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