Naraguna:Wirjadisastra/bak wedhi: Béda antara owahan

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'''Barabudhur''' (éjaan lumrah: '''Borobudur''') iku papan pamujaning wong Buddha Mahayana saka abad 9 kang kapernah ing Kabupatèn Magelang, ora adoh saka Muntilan, ing Jawa Tengah, Indonésia. Papan iku minangka papan pamujan Buddha kang gedhé dhéwé ing sajagat.<ref name="Guiness" /><ref name="JakartaPost1" /><ref name="unesco-whc" /> Papan pamujané wujud slasar tumpuk sanga: kang enem wujud kothak lan kang telu wujud bunder, mawa mustaka ing pucuk-tengahé, lan rinenggan panèl rélièf cacah 2.672 dalah reca Buddha cacah 504. Mustakané dikepungdikupeng reca Buddha cacah 72 kang sabené mapan ing sajeroning stupa kang bolong-bolong.<ref name="p35-36" />
 
Kaadegaké ing abad 9 nalika Wangsa Sailéndra jumeneng ratu, rancanganing papan pamujan iku dhedhasar tata wangunan Buddha-Jawa kang ngaworaké anasir kapitayan memuja leluhur kang asli Indonésia lan kapitayan nggayuh Nirwana kang saka agama Buddha.<ref name="unesco-whc" /> Papan pamujan iku ngatonaké prabawaning kagunan saka Gupta ing India<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R. K. K.|title=Rajarajan 2020 Borobudur et alii A Note on Place Names in Java|url=https://www.academia.edu/44356701/Rajarajan_2020_Borobudur_et_alii_A_Note_on_Place_Names_in_Java|journal=In Pedarapu Chenna Reddy, ed., Heritage of Indian History, Culture, and Archaeology (Festschrift to Dr. M.D. Sampath), vol. II, Art and Architecture. Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation|language=en}}</ref> tur akèh adegan saha anasir asli Indonésia, mula njalari Barabudhur nyirèni Indonésia banget.<ref name="aOtRK" /><ref name="idyTD" /> Yasan Barabudhur minangka padhépokaning Buddha lan papan jiyarahing para wong Buddha. Laku jiyarah kawiwitan saka pérangan ngisor turut lurung kang ngubengi yasan, tumuli munggah nganti pucuk ngliwati telung tataran kang nglambangaké kosmologi Buddha: Kamadhatu (jagat kekarepan), Rupadhatu (jagat wewujudan) and Arupadhatu (jagat tanpa wewujudan). Para kang jiyarah kudu ngliwati akèh undhakan lan lurung kang rinenggan panèl rélièf cacah 1.460 kang ngemu carita ing témbok-témboké dalah pager-pager langkané. Barabudhur minangka salah siji papan kang duwé klumpukan rélièf Buddha kang pepak ing sajagat.<ref name="unesco-whc" />
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===Papan pamujan cacah telu===
[[File:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|left|380px|Straight-line arrangement of Borobudur, Pawon, and Mendut]]
Dohé watara 40 kilomèter salorkulonésalorkuloning Ngayogyakarta lan 86 kilomèter sakulonésakuloning [[Surakarta]], Barabudhur mapan ing laladan dhuwur ing antaraning gunung kembar cacah loro aran Sindara-Sumbing lan Merbabu-Merapi, lan kali cacah loro aran Praga lan Élo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Troll|first1=Valentin R.|last2=Deegan|first2=Frances M.|last3=Jolis|first3=Ester M.|last4=Budd|first4=David A.|last5=Dahren|first5=Börje|last6=Schwarzkopf|first6=Lothar M.|date=2015-03-01|title=Ancient oral tradition describes volcano–earthquake interaction at merapi volcano, indonesia|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/geoa.12099|journal=Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography|volume=97|issue=1|pages=137–166|doi=10.1111/geoa.12099|issn=0435-3676|s2cid=129186824}}</ref> Miturut caritaning wong enggonan, laladan kang aran Ngaré Kedhu minangka papan sucikramat Jawa lan tinelah "patamananingtamaning Jawa" amarga lemahé kang subur banget kanggo tetanèn.<ref name="p1" />
 
Nalika kawaliyakakékawaluyakaké ing kawitan abad angka 20, ana tetemon yèn papan pamujan Buddha cacah telu ing laladan iku: Barabudhur, Pawon, lan Mendut iku mapan salarik.<ref name="krom" /> Dinuga ana gegayutan upacara agama ing antaraning pamujan cacah telu mau, sanajan ta apa upacarané kang pesthi ora kaweruhan.<ref name="moens" />
Approximately {{convert|40|km|mi}} northwest of [[Yogyakarta (city)|Yogyakarta]] and {{convert|86|km|mi}} west of [[Surakarta]], Borobudur is located in an elevated area between two twin volcanoes, [[Mount Sundoro|Sundoro]]-[[Mount Sumbing|Sumbing]] and [[Mount Merbabu|Merbabu]]-[[Mount Merapi|Merapi]], and two rivers, the [[Progo River|Progo]] and the Elo. According to local myth, the area known as [[Kedu Plain]] is a Javanese "[[List of Sacred Places in Java|sacred" place]] and has been dubbed "the garden of Java" due to its high [[soil fertility|agricultural fertility]].
 
Nalika kawaliyakaké ing kawitan abad angka 20, ana tetemon yèn pamujan Buddha cacah telu ing laladan iku: Barabudhur, Pawon, lan Mendut iku mapan salarik.<ref name="krom" /> Dinuga ana gegayutan upacara ing antaraning pamujan telu mau, sanajan apa upacarané kang pesthi ora kaweruhan.<ref name="moens" />
 
During the restoration in the early 20th century, it was discovered that three Buddhist temples in the region, Borobudur, [[Pawon]] and [[Mendut]], are positioned along a straight line. A ritual relationship between the three temples must have existed, although the exact ritual process is unknown.
 
===Hipotèsis tlaga kuna===
Pangira-ira bab ananing tlaga kang ngupeng Barabudhur tau dadi rembug gedhé ing antaraning para arkéolog nalika abad angka 20. Ing 1931, juru kagunan Walanda uga nimpuna ing babagan arsitèkturtata wangunan Hindhu-Buddha saka Walanda aran [[W.O.J. Nieuwenkamp]] ngembangakémbabar hipotèsis yèn Ngaré Kedhu duk nguni minangka tlaga lan Barabudhur ing sakawit pindha padma kang kumambang ing satengahé.<ref name="casparis" /> Barabudhur wis kapesthèkaké yèn kaadegaké ing gumuk watu ampar (''bedrock hill''), 265 m ing dhuwur palumahan sagara lan 15 m ing sadhuwuring amparaning tlaga kuna (''floor of paleolake'') kang wis asat.<ref name="Murwanto" />[[File:Borobudur-Temple-Park Indonesia Stupas-of-Borobudur-04.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Exposed Buddha image within the [[stupa]]s of Borobudur upper terraces]]
{{See also|Lake Borobudur}}
Pangira-ira bab ananing tlaga kang ngupeng Barabudhur tau dadi rembug gedhé ing antaraning para arkéolog nalika abad angka 20. Ing 1931, juru kagunan Walanda uga nimpuna ing babagan arsitèktur Hindhu-Buddha aran [[W.O.J. Nieuwenkamp]] ngembangaké hipotèsis yèn Ngaré Kedhu duk nguni minangka tlaga lan Barabudhur ing sakawit pindha padma kang kumambang ing satengahé.<ref name="casparis" /> Barabudhur wis kapesthèkaké yèn kaadegaké ing gumuk watu ampar (''bedrock hill''), 265 m ing dhuwur palumahan sagara lan 15 m ing sadhuwuring amparaning tlaga kuna (''floor of paleolake'') kang wis asat.<ref name="Murwanto" />[[File:Borobudur-Temple-Park Indonesia Stupas-of-Borobudur-04.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Exposed Buddha image within the [[stupa]]s of Borobudur upper terraces]]
 
Speculation about a surrounding lake's existence was the subject of intense discussion among archaeologists in the 20th century. In 1931, a Dutch artist and scholar of Hindu and Buddhist architecture, [[W.O.J. Nieuwenkamp]], developed a [[hypothesis]] that the Kedu Plain was once a lake and Borobudur initially represented a [[lotus flower]] floating on the lake. It has been claimed that Borobudur was built on a bedrock hill, {{convert|265|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[above sea level]] and {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the floor of a dried-out [[Lake Borobudur|paleolake]].