Naraguna:Wirjadisastra/bak wedhi: Béda antara owahan

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Nglarasaké pitembungan kanthi mirid https://www.sastra.org/bahasa-dan-budaya/kagunan/1839-barabudhur-anonim-1915-1191
Larik 24:
|designation1_free2value=[[List of World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]]
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'''Barabudhur''' (éjaan lumrah: '''Borobudur''') iku papan pamujaning wong Buddha Mahayana saka abad 9 kang kapernah ing Kabupatèn Magelang, ora adoh saka Muntilan, ing Jawa Tengah, Indonésia. Papan iku minangka papan pamujan Buddha kang gedhé dhéwé ing sajagat.<ref name="Guiness" /><ref name="JakartaPost1" /><ref name="unesco-whc" /> Papan pamujané wujud slasartlundhag tumpuksungsun sanga: kang enem wujud kothakpasagi lan kang telu wujud bunder, mawa mustakastupa panunggul ing pucuk-tengahé, lan rinenggan panèl rélièf cacah 2.672 dalah reca Buddha cacah 504. Mustakané dikupeng reca Buddha cacah 72 kang sabené mapan ing sajeroning stupa kang bolong-bolong.<ref name="p35-36" />
 
Kaadegaké ing abad 9 nalika Wangsa Sailéndra jumeneng ratu, rancanganing papan pamujan iku dhedhasar tata wangunan Buddha-Jawa kang ngaworaké anasir kapitayan memuja leluhur kang asli Indonésia lan kapitayan nggayuh Nirwana kang saka agama Buddha.<ref name="unesco-whc" /> Papan pamujan iku ngatonaké prabawaning kagunan saka Gupta ing India<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R. K. K.|title=Rajarajan 2020 Borobudur et alii A Note on Place Names in Java|url=https://www.academia.edu/44356701/Rajarajan_2020_Borobudur_et_alii_A_Note_on_Place_Names_in_Java|journal=In Pedarapu Chenna Reddy, ed., Heritage of Indian History, Culture, and Archaeology (Festschrift to Dr. M.D. Sampath), vol. II, Art and Architecture. Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation|language=en}}</ref> tur akèh adegan saha anasir asli Indonésia, mula njalari Barabudhur nyirèni Indonésia banget.<ref name="aOtRK" /><ref name="idyTD" /> Yasan Barabudhur minangka padhépokaning Buddha lan papan jiyarahing para wong Buddha. Laku jiyarah kawiwitan saka pérangan ngisor turut lurung kang ngubengi yasan, tumuli munggah nganti pucuk ngliwati telung tataran kang nglambangaké kosmologi Buddha: Kamadhatu (jagat kekarepan), Rupadhatu (jagat wewujudan) and Arupadhatu (jagat tanpa wewujudan). Para kang jiyarah kudu ngliwati akèh undhakan lan lurung kang rinenggan panèl rélièf cacah 1.460 kang ngemu carita ing témbok-témboké dalah pager-pager langkané. Barabudhur minangka salah siji papan kang duwé klumpukan rélièf Buddha kang pepak ing sajagat.<ref name="unesco-whc" />
Larik 89:
In two months, Cornelius and his 200 men cut down trees, burned down vegetation and dug away the earth to reveal the monument. Due to the danger of collapse, he could not unearth all galleries. He reported his findings to Raffles, including various drawings. Although Raffles mentioned the discovery and hard work by Cornelius and his men in only a few sentences, he has been credited with the monument's rediscovery, as the one who had brought it to the world's attention.
 
Christiaan Lodewijk Hartmann kang minangka résidhèn ing laladan Kedhu mbajuraké ayahaning Cornelius, lan ing 1935 kabèh pérangan yasan wusana kawiyak. Kawigatèné marang Barabudhur minangka kawigatèn pribadi tinimbang kawigatèn resmi. Hartmann ora nulis palapuran bab kagiyatan-kagiyatané, mligi bab carita panduga yèn dhèwèké nemokaké reca Buddha kang gedhé ing stupa pokokpanunggul.<ref name="p6" /> Ing 1842, Hartmann mriksa mustakastupa pokokpanunggul, nanging ora kaweruhan apa kang ditemokaké lan stupa pokokpanunggul iku pijer suwung tumeka saiki.
 
Christiaan Lodewijk Hartmann<!--(1795–1856)-->, the [[Resident (title)#Dutch colonial Residents|Resident]] of the [[Kedu Residency|Kedu region]], continued Cornelius's work, and in 1835, the whole complex was finally unearthed. His interest in Borobudur was more personal than official. Hartmann did not write any reports of his activities, in particular, the alleged story that he discovered the large statue of Buddha in the main stupa. In 1842, Hartmann investigated the main dome, although what he discovered is unknown and the main stupa remains empty.
Larik 114:
Borobudur attracted attention in 1885, when the Dutch engineer {{illm|Jan Willem IJzerman|id||nl|}}<!--(1851–1932)-->, Chairman of the Archaeological Society in Yogyakarta, made a discovery about the hidden foot. Photographs that reveal reliefs on the hidden foot were made in 1890–1891. The discovery led the Dutch East Indies government to take steps to safeguard the monument. In 1900, the government set up a commission consisting of three officials to assess the monument: Jan Lourens Andries Brandes<!--(1857–1905)-->, an [[Art history|art historian]], {{illm|Theodoor van Erp|nl}}, a [[Royal Netherlands Army|Dutch army]] engineer officer, and Benjamin Willem van de Kamer<!--(1860–1920)-->, a construction engineer from the Department of Public Works.
 
Ing 1902, panitya mau ngusulaké rancangan tikel telu marang pangrèh. Kapisan, bebaya sanalika kudu kaéndhanan kanthi cara nata saben pérangan pojok, nyopoti watu-watu kang mbebayani pérangan-pérangan ing sacedhaké, mikuwati pager-pager langkankelir angka siji lan maluyakaké sawatara pranalakaclowokan (''niche''), plengkung (''archway''), stupa, lan mustakastupa pokokpanunggul. Kapindho, bubar mageri palatarané, upaya pangrumat kang patut kudu ana lan kalènan kudu kadandanan kanthi cara maluyakaké pérangan jogan lan cucukan (''spout''). Katelu, kabèh watu sing kang wis kendho kudu kacopot, yasan kudu kareresik nganti pager langkankelir angka siji, watu-watu kang wis rusak kacopot lan mustakastupa pokokpanunggul kawaluyakaké. Gunggung wragad nalika samana kinira-kira ngancik watara 48.800 guldhen Walanda.
 
In 1902, the commission submitted a threefold plan of proposal to the government. First, the immediate dangers should be avoided by resetting the corners, removing stones that endangered the adjacent parts, strengthening the first balustrades and restoring several niches, archways, stupas and the main dome. Second, after fencing off the courtyards, proper maintenance should be provided and drainage should be improved by restoring floors and spouts. Third, all loose stones should be removed, the monument cleared up to the first balustrades, disfigured stones removed and the main dome restored. The total cost was estimated at that time around 48,800 [[Dutch guilder]]s.
 
Anggoné maluyakaké nalika samana katindakaké ing antara 1907 lan 1911 nganggo dhedhasar anastilosis lan dilurahi Theodor van Erp.<ref name="unesco2004" /> Pitung sasi kawitan anggoné maluyakaké iku ngayahi pangedhuking palemahan ing sakiwa-tengahing Barabudhur saperlu ngluru sirah-sirahing Buddha lan watu-watu panèl kang ilang. Van Erp mbongkar lan ngrakit manèh slasartlundhag bunder tumpuksungsun telu ing pérangan dhuwur dalah stupa-stupané. Nalika nindakaké iku, Van Erp weruh yèn ana gagasan liya kang bisa ditindakaké saperlu ndandani yasan iku; mula dhèwèké ngusung usulan liya marang pangrèh, kang banjur tinampa kanthi wragad wuwuhan 34.600 guldhen. Yèn kadeleng, Barabudhur wis rampung kawaluyakaké kaya duk nguni. Van Erp banjur ngati-ati yasa manèh pucukan ''chattra'' (payung tumpuksungsun telu) ing sadhuwuring stupa pokokpanunggul. Nanging, dhèwèké banjur nyopot ''chattra'' mau, kandha yèn ora ana cukup watu kang asli kanggo yasa manèh pucukan iku. Tegesé, rancangan asli pucukaning Barabudhur satemené ora kaweruhan. Pucukan ''chattra'' kang cinopot iku saiki kadèkèk ing Musiyum Karmawibhangga, sawatara atus mèter ing saloring Barabudhur.
 
The restoration then was carried out between 1907 and 1911, using the principles of [[anastylosis]] and led by Theodor van Erp. The first seven months of restoration were occupied with excavating the grounds around the monument to find missing Buddha heads and panel stones. Van Erp dismantled and rebuilt the upper three circular platforms and stupas. Along the way, Van Erp discovered more things he could do to improve the monument; he submitted another proposal, which was approved with the additional cost of 34,600 guilders. At first glance, Borobudur had been restored to its old glory. Van Erp went further by carefully reconstructing the ''[[chattra]]'' (three-tiered parasol) pinnacle on top of the main stupa. However, he later dismantled the ''chattra'', citing that there were not enough original stones used in reconstructing the pinnacle, which means that the original design of Borobudur's pinnacle is actually unknown. The dismantled ''chattra'' now is stored in [[Karmawibhangga Museum]], a few hundred meters north from Borobudur.
Larik 132:
Small restorations had been performed since then, but not sufficient for complete protection. During [[World War II]] and [[Indonesian National Revolution]] in 1945 to 1949, Borobudur restoration efforts were halted. The monument suffered further from the weather and drainage problems, which caused the earth core inside the temple to expand, pushing the stone structure and tilting the walls. By 1950s some parts of Borobudur were facing imminent danger of collapsing. In 1965, Indonesia asked the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] for advice on ways to counteract the problem of weathering at Borobudur and other monuments. In 1968 Professor Soekmono, then head of the Archeological Service of Indonesia, launched his "Save Borobudur" campaign, in an effort to organize a massive restoration project.
 
Ing pungkasan 1960-an, pangrèh Indonésia nyuwun marang paguyuban sajagat iku supaya Barabudhur karénovasi kanthi gedhèn-gedhèn. Ing 1973, siji rancangan pokok kanggo maluyakaké Barabudhur kasil karipta.<ref name="1973restoration" /> Sarana ''Agreement concerning the Voluntary Contributions to be Given for the Execution of the Project to Preserve Borobudur'' (Mupakatan bab Gugur Gunung kanggo Ngayahi Proyèk Lestarining Barabudhur) ing [[Paris]] nalika 29 Januari 1973, nagara cacah lima gelem mèlu gugur gunung maluyakaké Barabudhur: Ostrali ([[Australian dollar|AUD]] $200,000), Bèlgi ([[Belgian franc|BEF]] fr.250,000), Siprus ([[Cypriot pound|CYP]] £100,000), Prancis ([[US Dollar|USD]] $77,500), lan Jerman ([[Deutsche Mark|DEM]] DM 2,000,000).<ref name="f1DIg" /> Pangrèh Indonésia lan UNESCO banjur ngayahi pamriksa ing saindenging Barabudhur kanggo proyèk maluyakaké ing antara 1975 lan 1982.<ref name="unesco2004" /> Ing 1975, anggoné maluyakaké kawiwitan. Watu cacah sayuta punjul padha kacopot nalika iku, lan kalumpukaké kanggo katiti-priksa baka siji, kapepantha, kareresik, lan karumat kanggo maluyakaké. Barabudhur dadi papan uji-coba tumprap cara konservasi kang anyar, kalebu tata cara ngresiki mikroorganisme kang ngrusak watu.<ref name="PBS" /> Landhesaning Barabudhur kapengkuhaké, lan panèl cacah 1.460 kareresik. Anggoné maluyakaké kalebu mbongkari slasartlundhag kothakpasagi cacah lima lan ndandani kalènan kanthi muwuhi saluran-saluran banyu marang Barabudhur. Lapisan panyaring lan ora tembus uga kawuwuhaké. Proyèk kolosal iki dièloni watara wong 600 kanggo maluyakaké yasan lan ngentèkaké wragad kang gunggung US$6.901.243.<ref name="ZP492" />
 
[[File:Save Borobudur Monument, 2.50rp+0.25 (1968).jpg|upright|thumb|A 1968 Indonesian stamp promoting restoration of Borobudur]]
Larik 141:
After the renovation was finished, UNESCO listed Borobudur as a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1991. It is listed under Cultural criteria (i) "to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius", (ii) "to exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design", and (vi) "to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance".
 
Ing Dhésèmber 2017, gagasan saperlu masang chattra ing pucuking stupa pokokpanunggul Barabudhur kapriksa manèh. Nanging, kudu ana panaliti kang jero babagan maluyakaké pucukan kang wujud payung iku. Ing kawitan 2018, anggoné maluyakaké ''chattra'' durung kawiwitan.<ref name="2Z4v9" />
 
In December 2017, the idea to reinstall ''[[chattra]]'' on top of Borobudur main stupa's ''yasthi'' has been revisited. However, expert said a thorough study is needed on restoring the umbrella-shaped pinnacle. By early 2018, the ''chattra'' restoration has not yet commenced.
Larik 178:
Borobudur was heavily affected by the eruption of [[Mount Merapi]] in [[2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi|October and November 2010]]. [[Volcanic ash]] from Merapi fell on the temple complex, which is approximately {{convert|28|km|mi|0}} west-southwest of the crater. A layer of ash up to {{convert|2.5|cm|in|0}} thick fell on the temple statues during the eruption of 3–5 November, also killing nearby vegetation, with experts fearing that the acidic ash might damage the historic site. The temple complex was closed from 5 to 9 November to clean up the ashfall.
 
UNESCO nyumbang USD 3 yuta minangka péranganing wragad kanggo réhabilitasi Barabudhur kang kena jebluganing Gunung Merapi ing 2010.<ref name="gV00f" /> KothakPasagi watu cacah 55.000 punjung kang dadi péranganing yasan padha kacopot kanggo maluyakaké kalènan kang kabebeg awu nalika udan. Anggoné maluyakaké rampung ing Novèmber.<ref name="VSAmy" />
 
[[UNESCO]] donated US$3 million as a part of the costs towards the rehabilitation of Borobudur after [[Mount Merapi]]'s 2010 eruption. More than 55,000 stone blocks comprising the temple's structure were dismantled to restore the drainage system, which had been clogged by slurry after the rain. The restoration was finished in November.
Larik 219:
 
===Rancangan===
Barabudhur kaadegaké minangka stupa gedhé lan yèn kasawang saka dhuwur bakal katon wujud mandala Buddha tantra kang magrong, kang negesaké kosmologi Buddha lan sipating pikiran.<ref name="8itFX" /> Dhasaran kang asli iku kothakpasagi, watara 118 mèter dawaning pinggir-pinggirané. Yeyasané ngemu slasartlundhag cacah sanga, kang enem ing pérangan sor wujud kothakpasagi lan telu ing pérangan dhuwur wujud bunder.<ref name="5M1rn" /> slasarTlundhag-slasartlundhag ing dhuwur ngemu pitung puluh loro stupa cilik kang ngubengi siji stupa tengah kang gedhé dhéwé. Saben stupa wujud cungkupan kaya loncèng mawa rerenggan bolong-bolong akèh. Reca-reca Buddha padha lungguh ing sajeroning cungkupan kang bolong-bolong iku.[[File:Borobudur Mandala.svg|thumb|left|Borobudur ground plan taking the form of a [[Mandala]]]]
Borobudur is built as a single large [[stupa]] and, when viewed from above, takes the form of a giant [[Vajrayana|tantric Buddhist]] ''[[mandala]]'', simultaneously representing the Buddhist cosmology and the nature of mind. The original foundation is a square, approximately {{convert|118|m|ft}} on each side. It has nine platforms, of which the lower six are [[Square (geometry)|square]] and the upper three are [[Circle|circular]]. The upper platform contains seventy-two small stupas surrounding one large central stupa. Each stupa is bell-shaped and pierced by numerous decorative openings. Statues of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] sit inside the pierced enclosures.
 
Larik 226:
The design of Borobudur took the form of a [[step pyramid]]. Previously, the [[Prehistoric Indonesia|prehistoric]] [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]] [[megalithic]] culture in Indonesia had constructed several earth mounds and stone step pyramid structures called ''punden berundak'' as discovered in Pangguyangan site near Cisolok and in Cipari near Kuningan. The construction of stone pyramids is based on native beliefs that mountains and high places are the abode of ancestral spirits or [[hyang]]s. The ''punden berundak'' step pyramid is the basic design in Borobudur, believed to be the continuation of older megalithic tradition incorporated with Mahayana Buddhist ideas and symbolism.
 
Péranganing yasan kang cacah telu nglambangaké "jagat" telu ing kosmologi Buddha, kang aran ''Kāmadhātu'' (jagat kekarepan), ''Rūpadhātu'' (jagat wewujudan) and ''Arūpadhātu'' (jagat tanpa wewujudan). Makluk urip kang lumrah manggon ing tataran sor dhéwé, ya iku jagat kekarepan. Makluk kang wis ngobong kabèh kekarepané kanggo nggayuh wujud sabanjuré iku ninggalaké jagat kekarepan lan manggon ing jagat ing tataran wewujudan baé: padha bisa weruh marang wewujudan, nanging ora padha kapéncut marang iku. Wusana, para Buddha kang temen iku kang tumapak ngluwihi wewujudan lan ngalami kasunyatan kang murni, ya iku tataran kang ndhedhasari dhéwé, ya iku samudraning nirwana kang tanpa wewujudan.<ref name="M9pn9" /> Mardika saka cakraning Saṃsāra kang ateges jiwa kang wis olèh pepadhang wis ora nggayut manèh karo wewujudan kadonyan nerangaké gagasan bab Śūnyatā, kaanan suwung kang temen utawa pribadi kang tanpa kaanan. ''Kāmadhātu'' iku diwakili dhasaraning Barabudhur, ''Rupadhatu'' iku slasartlundhag kothakpasagi cacah limané (awak), lan ''Arupadhatu'' slasartlundhag bunder cacah telu lan stupa gedhé ing pucuké. Titikan arsitèktur ing antaraning telung tingkatan iku ana béda kang métaforis. Contoné, rerenggan konthak tur rinci ing ''Rupadhatu'' malih dadi slasartlundhag bunder rata ing ''Arupadhatu'' kang nglambangaké owah-owahaning jagat wewujudan—papan kang isih padha kagayut marang wujud lan jeneng—dadi jagat tanpa wewujudan.<ref name="Yl6eq" />
 
[[File:Panoramic views of Borobudur.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Borobudur, it took the form of a [[step pyramid]] and mandala plan]]
Larik 232:
The monument's three divisions symbolize the three "realms" of Buddhist cosmology, namely ''[[Buddhist cosmology#Desire Realm (Kāmadhātu)|Kamadhatu]]'' (the world of desires), ''[[Rupajhana|Rupadhatu]]'' (the world of forms), and finally ''[[Arupadhatu]]'' (the formless world). Ordinary sentient beings live out their lives on the lowest level, the realm of desire. Those who have burnt out all desire for continued existence leave the world of desire and live in the world on the level of form alone: they see forms but are not drawn to them. Finally, full Buddhas go beyond even form and experience reality at its purest, most fundamental level, the formless ocean of nirvana. The liberation from the cycle of [[Saṃsāra]] where the enlightened soul had no longer attached to worldly form corresponds to the concept of [[Śūnyatā]], the complete voidness or [[anatta|the nonexistence of the self]]. ''Kāmadhātu'' is represented by the base, ''Rupadhatu'' by the five square platforms (the body), and ''Arupadhatu'' by the three circular platforms and the large topmost stupa. The architectural features between the three stages have metaphorical differences. For instance, square and detailed decorations in the ''Rupadhatu'' disappear into plain circular platforms in the ''Arupadhatu'' to represent how the world of forms—where men are still attached with forms and names—changes into the world of the formless.
 
Upacara memuja ing Barabudhur katindakaké bebarengan sarana lumaku. Wong-wong kang upacara nuruti undhakan lan lurung munggah ngener slasartlundhag kang pucuk. Saben slasartlundhag makili siji tataraning pepadhang. Dalan kang diturut wong-wong kang upacara karancang supaya nglambangaké kosmologi Buddha.<ref name="Ferschin2004" />
 
Congregational worship in Borobudur is performed in a walking pilgrimage. Pilgrims are guided by the system of staircases and corridors ascending to the top platform. Each platform represents one stage of [[Four stages of enlightenment|enlightenment]]. The path that guides pilgrims was designed to symbolize [[Buddhist cosmology]].
Larik 243:
[[File:Borobudur Cross Section en.svg|thumb|left|300px|Half cross-section with 4:6:9 height ratio for foot, body and head, respectively]]
 
Watara 55.000 mèter kubik watu andhesit kajupuk saka pamelikan watu ing sakiwa-tengening Barabudhur kanggo yasa yeyasané.<ref name="Soekmono16" /> Watu kakethok banjur kagawa menyang papaning yasan lan kadèkèk tanpa bobokan. Kenob (''knob''), legokan (''indentation''), lan anjing-anjingan (''dovetail'') katrapaké minangka gegelan (''joint'') antaraning watu. Payoning stupa, pranalakaclowokan, lan gapura plengkung kaadegaké sarana tata cara kondhé (''corbelling method''). Rélièf karipta ing papan kono (''in situ'') sarampung yasané dadi.
 
Approximately {{convert|55000|m3|cuyd}} of [[andesite]] stones were taken from neighbouring stone quarries to build the monument. The stone was cut to size, transported to the site and laid without [[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]]. Knobs, indentations and [[Dovetail joint|dovetails]] were used to form joints between stones. The roof of stupas, niches and arched gateways were constructed in [[Corbel arch|corbelling]] method. [[Relief]]s were created ''[[in situ]]'' after the building had been completed.
Larik 266:
The basic unit of measurement used during construction was the ''tala'', defined as the length of a human face from the forehead's hairline to the tip of the chin or the distance from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the middle finger when both fingers are stretched at their maximum distance. The unit is thus relative from one individual to the next, but the monument has exact measurements. A survey conducted in 1977 revealed frequent findings of a ratio of 4:6:9 around the monument. The architect had used the formula to lay out the precise dimensions of the [[fractal]] and [[Self-similarity|self-similar]] geometry in Borobudur's design. This ratio is also found in the designs of Pawon and Mendut, nearby Buddhist temples. Archeologists have conjectured that the 4:6:9 ratio and the ''tala'' have calendrical, astronomical and cosmological significance, as is the case with the temple of [[Angkor Wat]] in Cambodia.
 
Yasan pokok bisa kapérang dadi telu: dhasaran, awakan, lan pucuk.<ref name="Long" /> Pérangan dhasaran ambané 123 m x 123 m mawa témbok 4 mèter.<ref name="Soekmono16" /> Pérangan awakan kapérang dadi slasartlundhag kothakpasagi cacah lima kang dhuwuring slasartlundhag saya suda nalika saya dhuwur tatarané. Téras kapisan kawiwitan 7 mèter saka pinggiring dhasaran. Saben téras candhaké kawiwitan 2 mèter saka téras sadurungé, kang dadi lurung sempit ing saben slasartlundhag. Pérangan pucuk kapérang dadi slasartlundhag bunder cacah telu kang saben slasarétlundhagé ngemu salarik stupa bolong-bolong kang tinata ngubengi mustakastupa pokokpanunggul ing tengah. Pucuking mustakakupel iku dadi titik dhuwur dhéwé yasan Barabudhutt, ya iku 35 mèter saka lumahing palemahan. Undhakan ing satengahing saben sisih kang cacah papat dadi dalan kang ngener pucuk. Undhakan iku kacakan sawatara gapura plengkung mawa reca singa cacah 32. Gapura-gapurané rinenggan sirahing Kala ing pérangan dhuwuré lan Makara ing kiwa-tengené. Rerenggan Kala-Makara lumrah tinemu ing gapura-gapuraning pamujan Jawa. Dalan mlebu kang baku ana ing sisih kiwa, ya iku pernahing rélièf carita kang kapisan. Undhakan ing pèrènging gumuk uga nggayutaké yasan karo ngaré ing sangisoré.
 
The main structure can be divided into three components: base, body, and top. The base is {{convert|123|x|123|m|ft|abbr=on}} in size with {{convert|4|m|ft}} walls. The body is composed of five square platforms, each of diminishing height. The first terrace is set back {{convert|7|m|ft}} from the edge of the base. Each subsequent terrace is set back {{convert|2|m|ft}}, leaving a narrow corridor at each stage. The top consists of three circular platforms, with each stage supporting a row of perforated ''[[stupa]]s'', arranged in [[Concentric|concentric circles]]. There is one main dome at the center, the top of which is the highest point of the monument, {{convert|35|m|ft}} above ground level. Stairways at the center of each of the four sides give access to the top, with a number of arched gates overlooked by 32 lion statues. The gates are adorned with [[Kāla (time)|Kala]]'s head carved on top of each and [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|Makaras]] projecting from each side. This Kala-Makara motif is commonly found on the gates of Javanese temples. The main entrance is on the eastern side, the location of the first narrative reliefs. Stairways on the slopes of the hill also link the monument to the low-lying plain.
Larik 310:
| rowspan="4" | gladri angka siji
first gallery
| rowspan="2" | témbok pokokbaku
main wall
| Lalitawistara || style="text-align:right;" | 120
Larik 316:
| Jataka/Awadana || style="text-align:right;" | 120
|-
| rowspan="2" | pager langkankelir
balustrade
| Jataka/Awadana || style="text-align:right;" | 372
Larik 324:
| rowspan="2" | gladri angka loro
second gallery
| kelir
| pager langkan
balustrade
| Jataka/Awadana || style="text-align:right;" | 100
|-
| témbok pokokbaku
main wall
| Gandawyuha || style="text-align:right;" | 128
Larik 334:
| rowspan="2" | gladri angka telu
third gallery
| témbok pokokbaku
main wall
| Gandawyuha || style="text-align:right;" | 88
|-
| kelir
| pager langkan
balustrade
| Gandawyuha || style="text-align:right;" | 88
Larik 344:
| rowspan="2" | gladri angka papat
fourth gallery
| témbok pokokbaku
main wall
| Gandawyuha || style="text-align:right;" | 84
|-
| kelir
| pager langkan
balustrade
| Gandawyuha || style="text-align:right;" | 72
Larik 357:
|}
 
Barabudhur ngemu watara 2.670 rélièf-cèthèk (1.560 panèl carita lan 1.212 panèl rerenggan) kang kapasang ing palumahan lan pager langkané. Gunggung palumahaning rélièf iku 2.500 mèter kubik lan kasebar ing sikilan kang sinamun (Kāmadhātu) lan slasartlundhag kothakpasagi cacah lima (Rupadhatu).<ref name="p20" />
 
Borobudur contains approximately 2,670 individual [[bas relief]]s (1,460 narrative and 1,212 decorative panels), which cover the [[facades|façades]] and [[balustrade]]s. The total relief surface is {{convert|2500|m2|sqft}}, and they are distributed at the hidden foot (''Kāmadhātu'') and the five square platforms (''Rupadhatu'').
 
Panèl carita, kang nuduhaké carita Sudhana lan Manohara,<ref name="uJFNP" /> katunggalaké dadi 11 sèri carita kang ngubengi yasan kanthi gunggunging dawa 3.000 mèter. Pérangan sikilan kang sinamun ngemu sèri kapisan mawa panèl carita cacah 160, déné 10 sèri candhaké kasebar ing saindenging témbok lan pager langkankelir ing gladri cacah papat wiwit saka undhakan mlebu ing wétan banjur mangiwa. Panèl carita ing témbok kawasa saka tengen mangiwa, déné kang ana ing pager langkankelir kawasa saka kiwa manengen. Kaanan iku padha karo pradaksina, ya iku upacara ngubeng déning panyarta upacara kanthi enering laku padha enering pandoming jam lan pernahing panyepèn panggah ing tengené.<ref name="p21" />
 
The narrative panels, which tell the story of [[Sudhana]] and Manohara, are grouped into 11 series that encircle the monument with a total length of {{convert|3000|m|ft}}. The hidden foot contains the first series with 160 narrative panels, and the remaining 10 series are distributed throughout walls and balustrades in four galleries starting from the eastern entrance stairway to the left. Narrative panels on the wall read from right to left, while those on the balustrade read from left to right. This conforms with ''[[pradaksina]]'', the ritual of circumambulation performed by [[pilgrim]]s who move in a clockwise direction while keeping the [[sanctuary]] to their right.
 
Pérangan sikilan kang sinamun nggambaraké lakuning pranata karma. Témbok-témbok ing gladri kapisan ngemu sèri rélièf cacah loro kang tumpang-tindhih; sabené ngemu 120 panèl. Pérangan dhuwur témbok nggambaraké kauripaning Buddha, déné pérangan sor lan uga ana ing pager langkankelir ing gladri kapisan lan kapindho nggambaraké kauripaning Buddha kang sadurungé.<ref name="p20" /> Panèl-panèl liyané nggambaraké Sudhana kang isih leluru tur banjur kasil nggayuh Kawicaksanan Sampurna.
 
The hidden foot depicts the workings of [[Karma in Buddhism|karmic law]]. The walls of the first gallery have two superimposed series of reliefs; each consists of 120 panels. The upper part depicts the [[Gautama Buddha|biography of the Buddha]], while the lower part of the wall and also the balustrades in the first and the second galleries tell the story of the Buddha's former lives. The remaining panels are devoted to Sudhana's further wandering about his search, terminated by his attainment of the [[Perfection of Wisdom|Perfect Wisdom]].
Larik 394:
[[Jataka]]s are stories about the Buddha before he was born as Prince Siddhartha. They are the stories that tell about the previous lives of the Buddha, in both human and animal form. The future Buddha may appear in them as a king, an outcast, a god, an elephant—but, in whatever form, he exhibits some virtue that the tale thereby inculcates. [[Avadana]]s are similar to jatakas, but the main figure is not the Bodhisattva himself. The saintly deeds in avadanas are attributed to other legendary persons. Jatakas and avadanas are treated in one and the same series in the reliefs of Borobudur.
 
Panèl sor cacah rong puluh kang kapisan ing gladri kapisan ing témbok nggambaraké Sudhanakumarawadana utawa lelaku sucining Sudhana. Panèl dhuwur cacah 134 kang kapisan ing gladri kang padha ing pager langkankelir kaanggo majang carita Jatakamala cacah 34.<ref name="Soekmono29" /> Panèl cacah 237 liyané nggambaraké carita saka sumber-sumber liya, samono uga sèri ing sor lan panèl ing gladri kapindho. Sawatara Jataka kagambaraké ping pindho, kaya ta carita Ratu Sibhi (buyuting Rama.)
 
The first twenty lower panels in the first gallery on the wall depict the ''Sudhanakumaravadana,'' or the saintly deeds of [[Sudhana]]. The first 135 upper panels in the same gallery on the balustrades are devoted to the 34 legends of the ''[[Jatakamala]]''. The remaining 237 panels depict stories from other sources, as do the lower series and panels in the second gallery. Some jatakas are depicted twice, for example the story of King Sibhi ([[Rama]]'s forefather).
Larik 400:
===Sudhana luru kasunyatan sampurna (Gandawyuha)===
[[File:Borobudur - Gandavyuha - 071 Level 2, North Wall (8601009103).jpg|thumb|upright|A relief of the Gandavyuha story from Borobudur 2nd level north wall.]]
Gandawyuha iku carita kang kapacak ing bab pungkasan sutra ''Avatamsaka'' bab lelananing Sudhana kang tanpa kendhat ngluru Kawicaksanan Sampurna Mahaluhur. Carita iku kapacak ing gladri cacah loro (gladri angka telu lan angka papat) lan uga ing saparoning gladri angka loro, kang gunggunging panèl cacah 460.<ref name="Soekmono32" /> Paraga pokokbaku ing carita, ya iku Sudhana enom, anak lanang saka wong dagang kang sugih banget, kapacak ing panèl angka 16. Panèl cacah 15 kang sadurungé maujud kawitaning carita pangéram-éram nalika Buddha semadi ing Taman Jéta ing Srawasti.
 
Gandavyuha is the story told in the final chapter of the ''[[Avatamsaka Sutra]]'' about Sudhana's tireless wandering in search of the Highest Perfect Wisdom. It covers two galleries (third and fourth) and also half of the second gallery, comprising in total of 460 panels. The principal figure of the story, the youth Sudhana, son of an extremely rich merchant, appears on the 16th panel. The preceding 15 panels form a [[prologue]] to the story of the miracles during Buddha's ''[[Samādhi (Buddhism)|samadhi]]'' in the [[Jetavana|Garden of Jeta]] at [[Sravasti]].
Larik 415:
[[File:Borobudur-perfect-buddha.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A Buddha statue with the hand position of ''[[Dharmachakra|dharmachakra mudra]]'']]
 
Liya saka carita kosmologi Buddha kang kaukir ing watu, Barabudhur ngemu akèh reca Buddha manéka rupa. Reca-reca kang lungguh sila mujudaké lungguh padma lan kasebar ing slasartlundhag kothakpasagi cacah lima (tataran Rupadhatu), uga ing slasartlundhag pucuk (tataran Arupadhatu).
 
Apart from the story of the [[Buddhist cosmology]] carved in stone, Borobudur has many statues of various Buddhas. The cross-legged statues are seated in a [[lotus position]] and distributed on the five square platforms (the ''Rupadhatu'' level), as well as on the top platform (the ''Arupadhatu'' level).
 
Reca-reca Buddha ana ing sajeroning pranalakaclowokan (''niche'') ing tataran Rupadhatu, kapapanaké salarik ing sisih jabaning pager langkankelir, cacahing reca saya suda ing tataran kang saya dhuwur. Peger langkan angka siji ngemu 104 pranalakaclowokan, loro 104, telu 88, papat 73, lan lima 64. Gunggungé, ana reca Buddha cacah 432 ing tataran Rupadhatu.<ref name="p35-36" /> Ing tataran Arupadhatu (utawa slasartlundhag bunder cacah telu), reca-reca Buddha kapapanaké ing sajeroning stupa kang bolong-bolong. slasarTlundhag budher angka siji ngemu 32 stupa, loro 24, lan telu 16, dalah 72 stupané.<ref name="p35-36" /> Saka reca Buddha cacah 504 kang asli, punjul 300 reca wis rusak (pérangan gedhéné tanpa endhas), lan 43 wis ilang. Kawit temuning yeyasané, endhas-endhasé padha dijupuki, kang pérangan gedhéné déning musiyum-musiyum Kulonan.<ref name="lgraW" /> Sawatara endhas-endhas Buddha iku saiki kapajang ing sawatara musiyum, kaya ta Tropenmuseum ing Amsterdam, Musée Guimet ing Paris, lan The British Museum ing London.<ref name="1pgW0" /> Ing taun 2014, Jerman wis mbalèkaké barang jejupukané lan ngragadi kanggo masang bali endhas-endhas iku lan kanggo mèlu nglestarèkaké sasana iku.<ref name="thejakartapost">{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/11/20/buddhas-be-reunited-with-their-heads.html|title=Buddhas to be reunited with their heads|last1=Muryanto|first1=Bambang|date=20 November 2014|access-date=31 December 2019|publisher=The Jakarta Post}}</ref>
 
The Buddha statues are in niches at the ''Rupadhatu'' level, arranged in rows on the outer sides of the balustrades, the number of statues decreasing as platforms progressively diminish to the upper level. The first balustrades have 104 niches, the second 104, the third 88, the fourth 72 and the fifth 64. In total, there are 432 Buddha statues at the ''Rupadhatu'' level. At the ''Arupadhatu'' level (or the three circular platforms), Buddha statues are placed inside perforated [[stupa]]s. The first circular platform has 32 stupas, the second 24 and the third 16, which adds up to 72 stupas. Of the original 504 Buddha statues, over 300 are damaged (mostly headless), and 43 are missing. Since the monument's discovery, heads have been acquired as collector's items, mostly by Western museums. Some of these Buddha heads are now displayed in numbers of museums, such as the [[Tropenmuseum]] in [[Amsterdam]], [[Guimet Museum|Musée Guimet]] in Paris, and [[The British Museum]] in [[London]]. Germany has in 2014 returned its collection and funded their reattachment and further conservation of the site.
 
Satlereman, kabèh reca Buddha katon mirib, nanging ana béda sithik ing antaraning reca-reca iku ing babagan mudra, utawa pernahing tangan. Ana lima golongan mudra: Lor, Wétan, Kidul, Kulon, lan Punjer, kang nengeri kéblat cacah lima miturut ajaran Mahayana. Pager langkang cacah papat kang kawitan ngemu mudra cacah papat kang kawitan: Lor, Wétan, Kidul, lan Kulon, kang reca-reca Buddhané macak mudrané dhéwé-dhéwé ing saben kéblat. Reca-reca Buddha ing pager langkankelir angka lima lan ing sajeroning 72 stupa ing slasartlundhag pucuk macak mudra kang padha: Punjer. Saben mudra makili siji Buddha Dhyani Lima; sabené ngemu simbul dhéwé-dhéwé.<ref name="KdQFg" />
 
[[File:WLANL - Pachango - Tropenmuseum - Kop Borobudur.jpg|thumb|upright|Head from a Borobudur Buddha statue in [[Tropenmuseum]], Amsterdam.]]
Larik 454:
|Wétan
East
|Pranalaka Rupadhatu ing pager langkankelir wétan ing tataran angka siji tekan papat.
''Rupadhatu'' niches on the first four eastern balustrades
|-
Larik 464:
|Kidul
South
|Pranalaka Rupadhatu ing pager langkankelir kidul ing tataran angka siji tekan papat.
''Rupadhatu'' niches on the first four southern balustrades
|-
Larik 474:
|Kulon
West
|Pranalaka Rupadhatu ing pager langkankelir kulon ing tataran angka siji tekan papat.
''Rupadhatu'' niches on the first four western balustrades
|-
Larik 484:
|Lor
North
|Pranalaka Rupadhatu ing pager langkankelir lor ing tataran angka siji tekan papat.
''Rupadhatu'' niches on the first four northern balustrades
|-
Larik 494:
|Punjer
Zenith
|Pranalaka Rupadhatu ing pager langkankelir kabèh kéblat ing tataran lima (dhuwur dhéwé).
''Rupadhatu'' niches in all directions on the fifth (uppermost) balustrade
|-
Larik 503:
|Punjer
Zenith
|Arupadhatu ing stupa bolong-bolong cacah 72 ing slasartlundhag bunder cacah telu.
''Arupadhatu'' in 72 perforated stupas on three rounded platforms
|}