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====Jewish tribes====
The oasis of Yathrib was first settled by three [[Jew]]ish [[Arabian tribes that interacted with Muhammad|tribes]]: the [[Banu Qaynuqa]], the [[Banu Qurayza]], and [[Banu Nadir]].<ref name= "jewishencyclopedia 1">[[Jewish Encyclopedia]] [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=326&letter=M Medina]</ref> [[Ibn Khordadbeh]] later reported that during the [[Persian Empire]]'s domination in [[Hejaz]], the Banu Qurayza served as [[tax collector]]s for the [[shah]].<ref>Peters 193</ref>
 
====Banu Aus and Banu Khazraj====
The situation changed after the arrival from [[Yemen]] of two [[Arab]] tribes named [[Banu Aus]] (Banu Aws) and [[Banu Khazraj]]. At first, these tribes were clients of the Jews, but later they revolted and became independent.<ref name="Medina">"Al-Medina." ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''</ref> Toward the end of the [[5th century]]<ref>for date see "J. Q. R." vii. 175, note</ref>, the Jews lost control of the city to Banu Aus and Banu Khazraj. The [[Jewish Encyclopedia]] states that they did so ''"By calling in outside assistance and treacherously massacring at a banquet the principal Jews"'' [[Banu Aus]] and [[Banu Khazraj]] finally gained the upper hand at Medina.<ref name= "jewishencyclopedia 1"/>.
 
Most modern historians accept the claim of the Muslim sources that after the revolt, the Jewish tribes became clients of the Aus and the Khazraj.<ref>See e.g., Peters 193; "Qurayza", ''[[Encyclopedia Judaica]]''</ref> According to [[William Montgomery Watt]], the clientship of the Jewish tribes is not borne out by the historical accounts of the period prior to 627, and maintained that the Jews retained a measure of political independence.<ref name="Medina"/>
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====Civic strife====
Eventually the Banu Aus and the Banu Khazraj became hostile to each other and by the time of Muhammad's [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] (withdrawal) to Medina, they had been fighting for 120 years and were the sworn enemies of each other.<ref name= "balagh.net">[[The Message (Subhani)]] [http://www.balagh.net/english/ahl_bayt/the_message/27.htm The Events of the First Year of Migration]</ref> The Banu Nadir and the Banu Qurayza were allied with the Aus, while the Banu Qaynuqa sided with the Khazraj.<ref>For alliances, see Guillaume 253</ref> They fought a total of four wars.<ref name="Medina"/>
 
Their last and bloodiest was the [[Battle of Bu'ath]]<ref name="Medina"/> that was fought a few years before the arrival of Muhammad.<ref name= "jewishencyclopedia 1"/> The outcome of the battle was inconclusive, and the feud continued. [[Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy]], one Khazraj chief, had refused to take part in the battle, which earned him a reputation for equity and peacefulness. Until the arrival of Muhammad he was the most respected inhabitant of Yathrib.
 
===Muhammad's arrival===
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