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'''Tibèt Kuna''' kuwi tegesé mangsa uriping basa-basa Tibèt sing kacathet ana naskah-naskah Kraton Tibèt saka madyaning abad ka-7, nalika kraton nembé ngangkat aksara, nganti purwaning abad ka-11 M.
Ana taun 816 M, sajroning panguwasaning Sadnaleg, basa sastraning Tibèt menangi owah-owahan agung kanthi madhakaké basa lan tetembungan ana ing pertalan serat-serat saka India. Paugeran anyar iki banjur miwiti mangsa sing diarani mangsa Tibèt Klasik.<span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge1993vii_1-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge1993vii_1-0" rel="dc:references" contenteditable="false">[[#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge1993vii-1{{sfn|<span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[1]</nowiki></span>]]</span><span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge1993vii_1-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge1993vii_1-0" rel="dc:references" contenteditableHodge|1993|p="false"></span>vii}}
== Fonologi ==
Fonologi Tibèt Kuna kaciri ing pirang-pirang cihna (''fitur'') sing banjur cicir ana ing mangsa Tibèt Klasik, yakuwi uni ''my-'' (dadi ''m- ''ana ing basa Tibèt Klasik) sadurungé uni swara (uni vokal) ''-i-'' lan ''-e-'', uni klompok ''sts-'' (dadi ''s-''), lan wujud kawalikaning aksara swara "i" (''gi-gu'').<span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010a_2-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010a_2-0" rel="dc:references" contenteditable="false">[[#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2010a-2{{sfn|<span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[2]</nowiki></span>]]</span><span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010a_2-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010a_2-0" rel="dc:references" contenteditable="false"></span>Hill|2010a}}
== Pranata kasus ==
Morfologi kasus awujud sandhangan (''afiks'') tumrap kabèh frasa nomina, dudu tembung-tembung tunggal (''Gruppenflexion''). Basa Tibèt Kuna nduwèni sepuluh kasus padha kayata basa Tibèt Klasik:<span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2012_3-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2012_3-0" rel="dc:references" contenteditable="false">[[#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2012-3{{sfn|<span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[3]</nowiki></span>]]</span><span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2012_3-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2012_3-0" rel="dc:references" contenteditable="false"></span>Hill|2012}}
* absolutif (legena, tanpa tetenger morfologis)
* [[Kasus génitif|gènitif]] (གི་ -''gi'', གྱི་ -''gyi'', ཀྱི་ -''kyi'', འི་ -'' 'i'', ཡི་ -''yi'')
* élatif (ལས་ -''las'')
* komparatif (བས་ -''bas'')
Nanging mangkono, sanajan lokatif, alatif, lan terminatif alon-alon kaguwang saka basa Tibèt Klasik (lan kaanggep tradhisi tatabasa purwa ''la don bdun''), saben kasus iki nduwé piguna dhéwé-dhéwé ana ing basa Tibèt Kuna.<span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2011_4-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2011_4-0" rel="dc:references" contenteditable="false">[[#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2011-4|<span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[4]</nowiki></span>]]</span><span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2011_4-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2011_4-0" rel="dc:references" contenteditable="false"></span>
Nanging mangkono, sanajan lokatif, alatif, lan terminatif alon-alon kaguwang saka basa Tibèt Klasik (lan kaanggep tradhisi tatabasa purwa ''la don bdun''), saben kasus iki nduwé piguna dhéwé-dhéwé ana ing basa Tibèt Kuna.{{sfn|Hill|2011}}
Juru tatabasa Tibèt Tradhisional ora mbédakaké tetenger kasus kayata mangkéné, nanging nggolongaké morfèm-morfèm kasus iki (kajaba ''-dang'' karo ''-bas'') dadi wolung kasus miturut basa [[Basa Sangskreta|Sangskreta]].
== Tembung sesulih ==
Ana telung tembung sesulih kapisan tunggal ana ing basa Tibèt Kuna: ང་ ''nga'', བདག་ ''bdag'', lan ཁོ་བོ་ ''kho-bo'', lan telung tembung sesulih kapisan jamak: ངེད་ ''nged'', བདག་ཅག་ ''bdag-cag'', lan འོ་སྐོལ་ '' 'o-skol''. Tembung sesulih kapindho ana rong tembung tunggal ཁྱོད་ ''khyod'' karo ཁྱོ(ན)་འདའ་ ''khyo(n)-'da''' lan satembung jamak ཁྱེད་ ''khyed''.<span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010b_5-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010b_5-0" rel="dc:references" contenteditable="false">[[#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2010b-5{{sfn|<span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[5]</nowiki></span>]]</span><span data-sourceid="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010b_5-0" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2010b_5-0" rel="dc:references" contenteditable="false"></span>Hill|2010b}}
== Rujukan ==
=== Cathetan sikil ===
{{Reflist|colwidth = 20em}}'''Karya sing dipethik'''
{{Reflist|2}}
* <cite class="citation" id="CITEREFHill2010a" contenteditable="false">Hill, Nathan W. (2010a), [http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/8964/1/Hill_2010_overview_of_Old_Tibetan_phonology.pdf "Overview of Old Tibetan synchronic phonology"] (PDF), ''Transactions of the Philological Society'' '''108''' (2): 110–125, [[Pangidhèntifikasi Obyèk Digital|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.2010.01234.x|10.1111/j.1467-968X.2010.01234.x]], [http://web.archive.org/web/20130728192422/http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/8964/1/Hill_2010_overview_of_Old_Tibetan_phonology.pdf archived] (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2013.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Tibetan&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Old+Tibetan+synchronic+phonology&rft.aufirst=Nathan+W.&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F8964%2F1%2FHill_2010_overview_of_Old_Tibetan_phonology.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-968X.2010.01234.x&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.pages=110-125&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=108" contenteditable="false"> </span>
* <cite class="citation" id="CITEREFHill2010b" contenteditable="false">—— (2010b), [http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/11618/1/Hill_2010_personal_pronouns.pdf "Personal pronouns in Old Tibetan"] (PDF), ''Journal Asiatique'' '''298''' (2): 549–571, [[Pangidhèntifikasi Obyèk Digital|doi]]:[[doi:10.2143/JA.298.2.2062444|10.2143/JA.298.2.2062444]], [http://web.archive.org/web/20130801033716/http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/11618/1/Hill_2010_personal_pronouns.pdf archived] (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2013.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Tibetan&rft.atitle=Personal+pronouns+in+Old+Tibetan&rft.aufirst=Nathan+W.&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F11618%2F1%2FHill_2010_personal_pronouns.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FJA.298.2.2062444&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+Asiatique&rft.pages=549-571&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=298" contenteditable="false"> </span>
=== Karya sing dipethik ===
* <cite class="citation" id="CITEREFHill2011" contenteditable="false">—— (2011), "The allative, locative, and terminative cases (''la-don'') in the Old Tibetan Annals", [http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/70589/1/Old+Tibatan3-01.pdf ''New Studies in the Old Tibetan Documents: Philology, History and Religion''] (PDF), Old Tibetan Documents Online Monograph Series '''3''', Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, pp. 3–38.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Tibetan&rft.atitle=The+allative%2C+locative%2C+and+terminative+cases+%28la-don%29+in+the+Old+Tibetan+Annals&rft.aufirst=Nathan+W.&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.btitle=New+Studies+in+the+Old+Tibetan+Documents%3A+Philology%2C+History+and+Religion&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.tufs.ac.jp%2Fbitstream%2F10108%2F70589%2F1%2FOld%2BTibatan3-01.pdf&rft.pages=3-38&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Research+Institute+for+Languages+and+Cultures+of+Asia+and+Africa%2C+Tokyo+University+of+Foreign+Studies&rft.series=Old+Tibetan+Documents+Online+Monograph+Series&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=3" contenteditable="false"> </span>
* {{citation | first = Nathan W. | last = Hill | title = Overview of Old Tibetan synchronic phonology | journal = Transactions of the Philological Society | volume = 108 | issue = 2 | year = 2010a | pages = 110–125 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-968X.2010.01234.x | url = http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/8964/1/Hill_2010_overview_of_Old_Tibetan_phonology.pdf | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20130728192422/http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/8964/1/Hill_2010_overview_of_Old_Tibetan_phonology.pdf | archivedate = 28 July 2013 | deadurl = no | postscript = . }}
* <cite class="citation" id="CITEREFHill2012" contenteditable="false">—— (2012), [http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14122/1/Hill_2012_las_nas_bas.pdf "Tibetan ''-las'', ''-nas'', and ''-bas''"] (PDF), ''Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale'' '''41''' (1): 3–38, [http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HCv6x1ukQykJ:eprints.soas.ac.uk/14122/1/Hill_2012_las_nas_bas.pdf archived] (PDF) from the original on 2014.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Tibetan&rft.atitle=Tibetan+-las%2C+-nas%2C+and+-bas&rft.aufirst=Nathan+W.&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F14122%2F1%2FHill_2012_las_nas_bas.pdf&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+de+Linguistique+Asie+Orientale&rft.pages=3-38&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=41" contenteditable="false"> </span>
* {{citation | first = Nathan W. | last = Hill | authormask = 2 | title = Personal pronouns in Old Tibetan | journal = Journal Asiatique | volume = 298 | issue = 2 | year = 2010b | pages = 549–571 | doi = 10.2143/JA.298.2.2062444 | url = http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/11618/1/Hill_2010_personal_pronouns.pdf | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20130801033716/http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/11618/1/Hill_2010_personal_pronouns.pdf | archivedate = 1 August 2013 | deadurl = no | postscript = . }}
* <cite class="citation" id="CITEREFHodge1993" contenteditable="false">Hodge, Stephen (1993), ''An Introduction to Classical Tibetan'' (revised ed.</cite><cite class="citation" id="CITEREFHodge1993" contenteditable="false">), Warminster: Aris & Phillips, ISBN 978-0-85668-548-4.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Tibetan&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Classical+Tibetan&rft.date=1993&rft.edition=revised&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-85668-548-4&rft.place=Warminster&rft.pub=Aris+%26+Phillips&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false"> </span>
* {{citation | first = Nathan W. | last = Hill | authormask = 2 | contribution = The allative, locative, and terminative cases (''la-don'') in the Old Tibetan Annals | title = New Studies in the Old Tibetan Documents: Philology, History and Religion | location = Tokyo | publisher = Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies | series = Old Tibetan Documents Online Monograph Series | volume = 3 | year = 2011 | pages = 3–38 | url = http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/70589/1/Old+Tibatan3-01.pdf | postscript = . }}
* {{citation | first = Nathan W. | last = Hill | authormask = 2 | title = Tibetan ''-las'', ''-nas'', and ''-bas'' | journal = Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | year = 2012 | pages = 3–38 | url = http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14122/1/Hill_2012_las_nas_bas.pdf | archiveurl = http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HCv6x1ukQykJ:eprints.soas.ac.uk/14122/1/Hill_2012_las_nas_bas.pdf | archivedate = 2014 | deadurl = no | postscript = . }}
* {{citation | first = Stephen | last = Hodge | title = An Introduction to Classical Tibetan | edition = revised | year = 1993 | publisher = Aris & Phillips | place = Warminster | isbn = 978-0-85668-548-4 | postscript = . }}
== Pranala njaba ==
| 