Kali Sindu: Béda antara owahan
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'''Kali Sindu''' {[[Urdu]]: {{lang|urd|سندھ}} '''''Sindh'''''; [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]: {{lang|snd|سنڌو}} '''''Sindhu'''''; [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (Shahmukhi: سندھ, Gurmukhi: ਸਿੰਧੂ) '''''{{IAST|Sindhu}}'''''; [[Hindi]] and [[Sanskrit]]: सिन्धु '''''{{IAST|Sindhu}}'''''; [[Persian language|Persian]]: '''{{lang|fas|Hindu}}'''حندو ; [[Pashto language|Pashto]]: '''{{lang|pus|Abasin}}''' ّآباسن"''Bapaké Kali-kali''"; [[Tibetan language|Tibetan]]: '''{{lang|tib|Sengge Chu}}''' "''Kali Singa''"; [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: {{lang|zh|印度}} '''''Yìndù'''''; [[Greek language|Greek]]: Ινδός '''''Indos'''''} kuwi sawijining kali kang paling dawa lan wigati ing [[Pakistan]]. Kali iki minangka kang paling dawa lan nomer telu paling gedhé ing babagan iliné banyu saben taun, ing anak bawana India (''[[Indian subcontinent]]''). Wong Iggris biasa njenengaké 'India' kanggo kabèh anak bawana, adhedhasar sebutan kali iki. Asal sumber kali iki ing dhataran [[Tibetan Plateau|Tibetan]] ing sacedhaké [[Tlaga Mansarovar]]. Kali Indus mili ngliwati distrik [[Ladakh]] ing [[Jammu & Kashmir]] lan laladan lor [[Pakistan]], mili terus sabanjuré mangidul tumuju menyang [[Segara Arabia]] cedhak kutha pelabuhan [[Karachi]]. Dawané kali watara 3,180 kilometer (1,976 mil). Dhaérah kang digaringaké déning kali iki jembaré luwih saka 1,165,000 km<sup>2</sup> (450,000 mil<sup>2</sup>). Ilèn banyu rata-rata watara 207 km<sup>3</sup>.
Miwiti saka panggonan kang dhuwur ing donya kanthi lèlèhan ès ([[glaciers]]), kali iki mènèhi warna tumrap ékosistem kang arupa alas kanthi hawa kang sedhengan, [[dhataran]] lan laladan kang gersang. Bebarengan karo kali [[Kali Chenab|Chenab]], [[Kali Ravi|Ravi]], [[Kali Sutlej|Sutlej]], [[Kali Jhelum|Jhelum]], [[Kali Beas|Beas]] lan kali mati [[Kali Sarasvati|Sarasvati]], kali Sindu maujud dadi delta ''[[Sapta Sindhu]]'' ("Kali Pitu") ing provinsi [[Sindh]] ing Pakistan. Kali iki nduwèni 20 anak kali utama.
Kali Sindu nyadiakaké sumber wigati banyu tumrap
Sumber utama banyu Kali Sindu yakuwi dumunung ing [[Tibet]]; miwiti saka patemon antarané Kali Sengge lan Kali Gar kang mili saka pagunungan Nganglong Kangri lan Gangdise Shan. Sabanjuré Kali Sindu mili tumuju lor-kulon ngliwati [[Ladakh]]-[[Baltistan]] menyang [[Kali Gilgit|Gilgit]], ing kidulé pagunungan [[Karakoram]]. Jeram-jeram Shyok, Shigar lan Gilgit nggawa lèlèhan banyu ès menyang kali utama. Kali iki mbaka sethithik ménggok mangidul, metu saka pebukitan antarané [[Peshawar]] lan [[Rawalpindi]]. Kali Sindu ngliwati jurang-jurang kang gedhé banget, watara 4,500-5,200 meter (15,000-17,000 feet) jeroné, cedhak pagunungan [[Nanga Parbat]]. Sabanjuré mili alon-alon ngliwati Hazara, lan digawé bendungan ing Wadhuk Tarbela. [[Kali Kabul]] nggabung marang kali iki ing cedhak [[Attock]]. Sisa rute kali iki menyang segara yakuwi ngliwati dhataran ing tlatah [[Punjab]] lan [[Sind]], lan iliné dadi alon-alon lan ménggak-mènggok. Kali iki nggabung karo [[Kali Panjnad]] ing [[Mithankot]]. Sawisé titik patemon kuwi, kali iki, sawijining wektu diarani '''Kali Satnad''' (''sat'' = pitu, ''nadi'' = kali), awit kali mau saiki nggawa banyu saka Kali Kabul, Kali Sindu lan lima kali ing Punjab. Ngliwati [[Jamshoro, Pakistan|Jamshoro]], kali iki mungkasi ilèné ing sawijining delta gedhé ing sisih wétané [[Thatta]].
Kali Sindu kuwi salah siji saka sethithik kali ing donya kang duwé arus pasang surut ombak (''tidal bore''). Sistem Kali Indus kuwi olèh sumber banyu saka salju lan lèlèhan ès (glacier) saka Karakoram, [[Hindu Kush]] lan pagunungan Himalaya ing Tibet, Kashmir lan [[Pakistan]] sisih lor. Ilèné kali uga ditentokaké déning mangsa - kurang banget banyuné jroning mangsa anyep winter, nanging banjir ing mangsa ketiga (''monsoon''), yakuwi saka sasi Juli nganti September. Uga ana bukti yèn tansah nggèsèr ilèné wiwit jaman prasajarah - yakuwi ménggok mangulon saka arah tumuju menyang [[Rann of Kutch]].
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Situs ''[[Paleolithic]]'' wis ditemokaké ing [[Pothohar]], kanthi piranti saka watu [[Budaya Soan]].
Ing [[Gandhara]] kuna, bukti anané manungsa guwa watara 15,000 taun kapungkur ditemokaké ing [[Mardan]].
Kutha utama ing [[Peradaban Lembah Indus]], kaya [[Harappa]] lan [[Mohenjo-daro]], wis ana wiwit 3300 SM, lan makili tlatah kang dipanggoni akèh manungsa ing jaman kuna. Tlatah Peradaban Lembah Indus gumelar saka [[Balochistan (region)|Balochistan]] tekan[[Gujarat]], kanthi mandhuwur tekan darcon(?) saka wétané [[Kali Jhelum]] nganti [[Rupar]] ing laladan [[Sutlej]] bagéan ndhuwur. Papan pedunungan ing pinggir panté gumelar wiwit saka [[Sutkagan Dor]] ing tapel wates karo [[
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Most scholars believe that settlements of [[Gandhara grave culture]] of the early [[Indo-Aryans]] flourished in Gandhara from 1700 to 600 BC, when [[Mohenjo-daro]] and [[Harappa]] had already been abandoned.
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==Wildlife==
Accounts of the Indus valley from the times of Alexander's campaign indicate a healthy forest cover in the region, which has now considerably receded. The Mughal Emperor Babar writes of encountering rhinoceroses along its bank in his memoirs (the [[Baburnama]]). Extensive [[deforestation]] and human interference in the ecology of the [[Shivalik Hills]] has led to a marked deterioration in vegetation and growing conditions. The Indus valley regions are arid with poor vegetation. Agriculture is sustained largely due to irrigation works.
The [[Blindness|Blind]] [[Indus River Dolphin]] (Platanista gangetica minor) is a sub-species of Dolphins found only in the Indus River. It formerly also occurred in the tributaries of the Indus river. [[Palla fish]] (''[[Hilsa ilisha]]'') of the river is a delicacy for people living along the river. The population of fishes in the river is moderate, with Sukkur, Thatta and Kotri being the major fishing centres - all in the lower Sindh course. But damming and irrigation has made fish farming an important economic activity. Located southeast of [[Karachi]], the large delta has been recognised by conservationists as one of the world's most important ecological regions. Here the river turns into many marshes, streams and creeks and meets the sea at shallow levels. Here marine fishes are found in abundance, including [[pomfret]] and [[prawns]].
==Economy==
The Indus is the most important supplier of water resources to the [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] and [[Sindh]] plains - it forms the backbone of agriculture and food production in Pakistan. The river is especially critical as rainfall is meagre in the lower Indus valley. Irrigation canals were first built by the people of the Indus valley civilization, and later by the engineers of the [[Kushan Empire]] and the [[Mughal Empire]]. Modern irrigation was introduced by the [[British East India Company]] in 1850 - the construction of modern canals accompanied with the restoration of old canals. The British supervised the construction of one of the most complex irrigation networks in the world. The [[Guddu Barrage]] is 1,350 metres (4,450 ft) long - irrigating [[Sukkur]], Jacobabad, [[Larkana]] and [[Kalat District|Kalat]]. The [[Sukkur Barrage]] serves over 20,000 square kilometres (5,000,000 acres).
After the partition, a water control treaty signed between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] in 1960 guaranteed that Pakistan would receive water from the Indus River independent of upstream control by [[India]].<ref>{{cite web
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* Jean Fairley, "The Lion River", Karachi, 1978
* dominique Perkins.com 176
== Delengen uga ==
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