Tablet resula marang Ea-nāṣir
Tablet resula marang Ea-nāṣir (UET V 81)[1][2] yaiku tablet lempung kang tinulis rikala taun 1750 SM lan kinirim marang wong Ur kuna. Tablet iki ngamot resulaning kang langganan aran Nanni marang sudagar aran Ea-nasir. Tableté tinulis mawa aksara paku Akkadia lan dianggep minangka resula katulis paling lawas. Sapréné tablet iki sinimpen ing British Museum.[3]
Ea-nasir lelana menyang Dilmun saperlu tuku tembaga, banjur tembagané mau didol ing Mésopotamia. Ing wusana tinamtu, dhèwèké ngedol ingot tembaga menyang Nanni. Nanni ngirim abdiné kang nggawa dhuwit kanggo nglunasi pambayarané.[4] Nani nganggep tembaga kang dituku mau kuwalitasé ala (ing isoré standar)[5] lan wegah nampa barangé.
Tanggepané Nanni yaiku nggawé layang resula mawa aksara paku marang Ea-nasir. Ing tablet katulis resulaning Nanni marang Ea-nasir babagan pangiriman tembaga mawa kuwalitas kang salah lan prakara-prakara liya nalika pangiriman.[6] Nanni uga ngresula ngenani solah ala Ea-nasir tumrap abdiné (kang dikongkon mbayar). Nalika nulis layang, Nanni kandha yèn dhèwèké wegah nampa tembagané, ananging kudu mbayar barangé.
Andharan
besutTablet iki ndarbèni dhuwur 116 milimèter, amba 50 mm, kandel 26 mm, lan tableté rada rusak.[6]
Patemon
besut
Tablet iki tinemu lan didarbèni Sir Leonard Woolley kang mangarsani èkspedisi gabungan Universitas Pennsylvania lan British Museum rikala 1922 teka 1934 ing kutha Sumeria Ur.[6][7]
Tablet liya
besutTablet liya uga tinemu ing mbruk-mbrukan kang pinercaya dadi papan padunungané Ea-nasir. Ing kana ana layang saka wong aran Arbituram kang ngresula yèn dhèwèké durung nampa tembagané, déné sing liya kandha yèn dhèwèké walèh nampa tembaga ala.[8][9]
Rujukan
besut- ↑ Figulla, H.H.; Martin, W.J., èd. (1953). Letters and Business Documents of the Old Babylonian Period. Ur Excavations: Texts. Vol. V. London, Inggris: British Museum Press. kc. 5, Pl. XIV.
- ↑ E Frahm. "Commentary on Uncertain (CCP 7.2.u18)". hdl:10079/7wm382r.
- ↑ Hyken, Shep (23 April 2015). "Oldest customer service complaint discovered: A lesson from ancient Babylon". Forbes. Dibukak ing 7 Fèbruari 2017.
- ↑ Crawford, Harriet (Juli 2015). "Sir Leonard Woolley and Ur of the Chaldees". The Bible and Interpretation. University of Arizona.
- ↑ Oppenheim (1967), kc. 82–83.
- ↑ a b c "tablet". British Museum. object W 1953-0411-71.
- ↑ "Sir Leonard Woolley". Biography. British Museum. Collections online.
- ↑ Killgrove, Kristina (11 Mèi 2018). "Meet the worst businessman of the 18th century BCE". Forbes. Dibukak ing 22 Juli 2020.
- ↑ Leemans (1960), kc. 48–54.
Wacan bacutan
besut- Baraniuk, Chris (2 Maret 2015). "Ancient customer-feedback technology lasts millennia". New Scientist.
- Diakonoff, I. M. (1990). Купец, мореплаватель, литейных дел мастер [A Merchant, Seafarer, and Copper Founder]. Люди города Ура [People of the City of Ur] (ing basa Rusia). Moscow: Akademija Nauk. kc. 97–125. ISBN 5-02-016568-9.
- Garfinkle, Steven J. (2010). "Merchants and State Formation in Early Mesopotamia". Ing Melville, Sarah; Slotsky, Alice (èd.). Opening the Tablet Box: Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Benjamin R. Foster. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 42. Leiden: Brill. kc. 197–199. doi:10.1163/9789004186569_012. ISBN 978-90-04-18652-1.
- Kruszelnicki, K.S. (24 Maret 2015). "The oldest known complaint letter". abc.net.au. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
- Kalinauskas, Nadine (10 Maret 2015). "Clay tablet with oldest recorded customer-service complaint on display at the British Museum". Yahoo News. Canada.
- McNally, Victoria (27 Fèbruari 2015). "Ancient Babylonians were just like us: Complained about poor service from retailers". The Mary Sue.
- Leemans, W.F. (1960). "Ur: Time of Rim-Sin". Foreign trade in the old Babylonian period as revealed by texts from southern Mesopotamia. Studia et Documenta ad Iura Orientis Antiqui Pertinentia. Vol. 6. Leiden, NL: E.J. Brill. kc. 36–55.
- Oppenheim, A. L. (1954). "The Seafaring Merchants of Ur". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 74 (1): 10–11. doi:10.2307/595475.
- Oppenheim, A. Leo, èd. (1967). "Old Babylonian Letters: Trade". Letters From Mesopotamia: Official, Business and Private Letters on Clay Tablets from Two Millennia. The Oriental Institute. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. kc. 82–84.
- Rice, Michael (1994). "The Merchants of Dilmun: Ea-Nasir, the Dilmun Merchant". The Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf. kc. 276–280. doi:10.4324/9780203037263. ISBN 0-415-032687.
- Wheaton, Oliver (5 Maret 2015). "Believe it or not, this carving is actually a 3,750 year-old customer service complaint". Metro. UK.
- Woolley, Leonard; Mallowan, Max (1976). "Detailed Description of the Private Houses: The AH Site: Old Street". The Old Babylonian Period. Ur Excavations. Vol. VII. London: British Museum Publications. kc. 123–125. ISBN 0-7141-1087-6.
Pranala njaba
besut- "UET 5, 0081". Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. University of California, Los Angeles. CDLI no. P414985. Dibukak ing 28 Sèptèmber 2022.
- "16814A | 1953,0411.71". UrOnline - The Digital Resource for the Excavation of Ur (ing basa Inggris). The British Museum. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2022-09-30. Dibukak ing 28 Sèptèmber 2022.
- "UET 5 81 [BM 131236 = 1953-04-11, 71 = U.16814a]". Archibab. Collège de France. Dibukak ing 28 Sèptèmber 2022.