ꦏꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀
꧋ꦏꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦪꦲꦶꦏꦸꦏꦸꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦭꦤꦺꦎꦂꦒꦤꦶꦱꦱꦶꦥꦸꦭꦶꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦒꦝꦃꦮꦼꦮꦼꦁꦏꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦒꦺꦪꦺꦴꦒꦿꦥ꦳ꦶꦱ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦮꦶꦪꦂ꧉ꦢꦺꦮꦺꦏꦺꦩꦤ꧀ꦝꦼꦒꦤꦶꦤꦒꦫ꧈ꦏꦼꦭꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦱꦸꦏꦸꦲꦸꦠꦮꦶꦲꦺꦠ꧀ꦤꦶꦏ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦧꦁꦱ꧉ꦥꦸꦤꦶꦏꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦚꦮꦶꦗꦶꦏꦏꦺꦤ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦏꦧꦮꦃꦏꦭꦶꦪꦤ꧀ꦏꦻꦱꦂ(ꦩꦺꦴꦤꦂꦏꦶ)꧈ꦲꦸꦠꦮꦶꦏꦤ꧀ꦛꦶꦱꦠꦸꦁꦒꦭ꧀ꦱꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦺꦩ꧀ꦥꦥꦿꦺꦤ꧀ꦠꦲꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦴꦭꦶꦒꦂꦏꦶ꧉
꧋ꦲꦸꦩ꧀ꦥꦩꦶꦢꦶꦠꦶꦭꦶꦏꦶꦱꦏꦶꦁꦧꦧꦒꦤ꧀ꦒꦺꦪꦺꦴꦥꦸꦭꦶꦠꦶꦏ꧀꧈ꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦁꦏꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦒꦝꦃꦠꦼꦒꦼꦱ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦧꦺꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀꧈ꦮꦶꦮꦶꦠ꧀ꦱꦏꦤꦒꦫꦠꦺꦫꦶꦠꦺꦴꦫꦶꦪꦭ꧀ꦲꦺꦏ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦶꦩ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦧꦒꦺꦪꦁꦏꦁꦥꦭꦶꦁꦏꦸꦮꦠ꧀꧈ꦔꦤ꧀ꦠꦶꦤꦒꦫꦏꦁꦢꦸꦩꦢꦶꦱꦏꦒꦧꦸꦔꦤ꧀ꦏꦸꦛꦤꦺꦤꦒꦫꦏꦁꦥꦭꦶꦁꦫꦶꦁꦏꦶꦃ꧉
ꦌꦠꦶꦩꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴꦒꦶ
besut꧋ꦠꦼꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦔꦤ꧀ꦏꦺꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦢꦶꦩꦔꦼꦂꦠꦺꦤꦶꦏꦮꦶꦮꦶꦠꦤ꧀ꦲꦷꦁꦱꦗꦫꦃꦭꦤ꧀ꦧꦱꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪꦪꦲꦶꦏꦸꦱꦏꦥꦿꦧꦮꦤꦺꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦪꦥꦸꦂꦧ꧈ꦔꦁꦒꦺꦴꦱꦫꦤꦧꦱꦱꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦏꦺꦂꦠ;ꦩꦲꦫꦗ꧈ꦪꦲꦶꦏꦸ"ꦫꦗꦏꦁꦱꦏ꧀ꦝꦸꦮꦸꦫꦺꦫꦗ";ꦥꦿꦩꦶꦭꦠꦼꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦔꦤ꧀ꦏꦺꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦔꦿꦸꦗꦸꦏ꧀ꦩꦫꦁꦏꦼꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦲꦒꦸꦁꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦒꦝꦃꦢꦼꦢꦼꦒ꧀ꦏꦁꦭꦸꦮꦶꦃꦢꦸꦮꦸꦂꦱꦏꦏꦼꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦲꦏꦺꦃꦭꦶꦪꦤꦺ꧉ꦏꦼꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦫꦪꦏꦪꦠꦱꦿꦶꦮꦶꦗꦪꦭꦤ꧀ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀ꦢꦶꦮꦼꦫꦸꦃꦲꦶꦲꦶꦁꦧꦧꦒꦤ꧀ꦱꦗꦫꦃꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪ꧉
꧋ꦠꦼꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦔꦤ꧀ꦭꦶꦪꦏꦁꦲꦱꦭꦺꦱꦏꦥꦿꦧꦮꦌꦫꦺꦴꦥꦃ꧈ꦪꦲꦶꦏꦸꦆꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦫꦶꦪꦸꦩ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦏꦱꦶꦭ꧀ꦱꦏꦧꦱꦭꦠꦶꦤ꧀ꦢꦸꦮꦺꦠꦼꦒꦼꦱ꧀"ꦏꦏꦸꦮꦠꦤ꧀"ꦲꦸꦠꦮ"ꦏꦼꦮꦼꦤꦁꦔꦤ꧀"꧉
꧋ꦱꦼꦕꦫꦌꦠꦶꦩꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴꦒꦶ꧈ꦥꦼꦁꦒꦸꦤꦄꦤ꧀ꦆꦱ꧀ꦠꦶꦭꦃ"ꦆꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦫꦶꦪꦸꦩ꧀"ꦩꦼꦤꦸꦚ꧀ꦗꦸꦏ꧀ꦏꦤ꧀ꦱꦸꦮꦠꦸꦤꦒꦫꦧꦁꦱꦠꦼꦂꦥꦸꦱꦠ꧀ꦪꦁꦏꦸꦮꦠ꧀ꦄꦏꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦠꦥꦶꦣꦭꦩ꧀ꦥꦼꦁꦒꦸꦤꦄꦤ꧀ꦪꦁꦊꦧꦶꦃꦭꦺꦴꦁꦒꦂꦗꦸꦒꦩꦼꦫꦸꦗꦸꦏ꧀ꦥꦣꦥꦼꦫꦸꦱꦲꦄꦤ꧀ꦠꦿꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦤꦱꦶꦪꦺꦴꦤꦭ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦏꦭꦧꦼꦱꦂ꧉
꧋ꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦸꦏ꧀ꦠꦸꦂꦥꦸꦭꦶꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦏꦼꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦢꦶꦪꦱꦔꦁꦒꦺꦫꦺꦴꦁꦠꦠꦕꦫ꧇(꧇꧑꧇)ꦢꦸꦩꦢꦶꦏꦼꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦫꦶꦠꦺꦴꦫꦶꦪꦭ꧀ꦩꦮꦶꦕꦫꦔꦸꦮꦱꦤꦶꦭꦁꦱꦸꦁꦔꦁꦒꦺꦴꦏꦏꦸꦮꦠꦤ꧀(ꦥꦺꦴꦭꦲꦺꦧꦢꦤ꧀ꦭꦁꦱꦸꦁꦏꦁꦒꦺꦤꦼꦠꦼꦥꦶꦲꦩ꧀ꦧꦶꦱꦶꦤꦺꦏꦻꦱꦂ)꧈ꦭꦤ꧀(꧇꧒꧇)ꦢꦸꦩꦢꦶꦏꦼꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦲꦺꦒꦺꦩꦺꦴꦤꦶꦏ꧀ꦒꦝꦃꦮꦠꦏ꧀ꦏꦺꦴꦮꦺꦂꦱꦶꦥ꦳꧀꧈ꦔꦸꦮꦱꦤꦶꦲꦺꦴꦫꦭꦁꦱꦸꦁꦩꦮꦶꦲꦠꦸꦫꦤ꧀ꦏꦼꦏꦸꦮꦱꦄꦤ꧀(ꦥꦚꦺꦫꦸꦲꦤ꧀ꦩꦤꦮꦶꦏꦻꦱꦂꦱꦒꦼꦣ꧀ꦩꦼꦏ꧀ꦱꦏꦺꦪꦺꦲꦺꦔꦶꦤꦤꦺ)꧉ꦏꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦥ꧀ꦏꦥꦶꦱꦤ꧀ꦩꦺꦤꦺꦲꦶꦏꦼꦏꦸꦮꦱꦄꦤ꧀ꦏꦁꦭꦸꦮꦶꦃꦒꦼꦢꦺꦭꦤ꧀ꦏꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦿꦺꦴꦭ꧀ꦥꦸꦭꦶꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦭꦁꦱꦸꦁ꧈ꦤꦔꦶꦁꦩ꧀ꦧꦠꦺꦱꦶꦥꦼꦔꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦔꦤ꧀ꦱꦧꦚ꧀ꦗꦸꦫꦺꦲꦩꦂꦒꦶꦚꦼꦢꦺꦴꦠ꧀ꦏꦏꦸꦮꦠꦤ꧀ꦩꦶꦭꦶꦠꦺꦂꦲꦶꦁꦱꦭꦃꦱꦮꦶꦗꦶꦤꦶꦁꦒꦂꦤꦶꦱꦸꦤ꧀꧈ꦏꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦱꦺꦥ꧀ꦏꦥꦶꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴ꧈ꦪꦲꦶꦏꦸꦩꦫꦶꦔꦶꦏꦼꦏꦸꦮꦱꦲꦤ꧀ꦏꦁꦭꦸꦮꦶꦃꦕꦶꦭꦶꦏ꧀ꦝꦤ꧀ꦏꦼꦤ꧀ꦝꦭꦶꦲꦺꦴꦫꦭꦁꦱꦸꦁ꧈ꦤꦔꦶꦁꦩꦺꦤꦺꦲꦶꦏꦭꦺꦴꦁꦒꦫꦤ꧀ꦏꦏꦸꦮꦠꦤ꧀ꦩꦶꦭꦶꦠꦺꦂꦱꦸꦥꦪꦔ꧀ꦭꦏꦺꦴꦏꦏꦺꦌꦏ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦥꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦱꦠꦺꦫꦸꦱꦺ꧉ꦏꦼꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦫꦶꦠꦺꦴꦫꦶꦪꦭ꧀(ꦕꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦃ꧇ꦏꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦩꦺꦴꦔꦺꦴꦭ꧀꧈ꦢꦤ꧀ꦏꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦥꦺꦂꦱꦶ)ꦣꦸꦮꦺꦕꦶꦫꦶꦏꦮꦱꦤ꧀ꦏꦁꦱꦪꦔꦩ꧀ꦧ꧉ꦠꦼꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦔꦤ꧀ꦏꦼꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦲꦸꦒꦔꦿꦸꦗꦸꦏ꧀ꦏꦁꦒꦺꦴꦏꦼꦩꦲꦫꦗꦤ꧀ꦩꦫꦶꦠꦶꦩ꧀ꦲꦸꦠꦮꦛꦭꦱꦺꦴꦏꦿꦱꦶ꧈(ꦠꦸꦭꦝ꧇ꦭꦶꦒꦣꦺꦭꦺꦴꦱ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦆꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦫꦶꦪꦸꦩ꧀ꦧꦿꦶꦠꦤꦶꦪ)ꦩꦮꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦸꦏ꧀ꦠꦸꦂꦆꦁꦏꦁꦭꦸꦮꦶꦃꦭꦺꦴꦁꦒꦂꦭꦤ꧀ꦮꦼꦮꦼꦁꦏꦺꦴꦤꦺꦏꦁꦮꦶꦱ꧀ꦏꦱꦺꦧꦂ꧉
ꦏꦥꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦏꦤ꧀
besut- Gilpin, Robert War and Change in World Politics pp. 110–116
- Johan Galtung (Januari 1996), The Decline and Fall of Empires: A Theory of De-Development, Honolulu, diarsip saka sing asli ing 2008-02-22, dibukak ing 2008-01-06 Written for the United Nations Research Institute on Development, UNRISD, Geneva.
- Lens, Sidney; Zinn, Howard (2003), The Forging of the American Empire: From the Revolution to Vietnam: A History of American Imperialism, Plkuto press, ISBN 0745321003
- Bowden, Brett (2009), The Empire of Civilization: The Evolution of an Imperial Idea, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 9780226068145