Bias kognitif
Bias kognitif inggih punika pola sistematis ingkang miringaken saking norma utawi rasionalitas ing penjujengan.[1] Tiyang-tiyang ndamel "kanyatan subjektif" piyambak saking persepsipun dhateng input. Konstruksi kanyatan tiyang ingkang boten input objektif badhe nemtokaken solah bawanipun ing dunya. Milanipun, bias kognitif saged njalari penyimpangan persepsi, penjujengan kirang leres, interpretasi kirang logis, sarta irasionalitas.[2][3][4]
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Sinaosa bias kognitif katingal awon, sawatawis saged adaptif. Piyambakipun saged nglantaraken tumindak ingkang langkung efektif ing konteks tartamtu.[5] Salajengipun, ngeparengaken bias kognitif saged nglajengaken keputusan ingkang enggal ingkang saged dipunkerendeli nalika ketepatan kirang wigati tinimbang kacepetan, kadosboten ingkang katingal ing heuristik.[6] Bias kognitif sanes inggih punika "asil sampingan" saking watesan pemrosesan manungsa,[1] ingkang dipunjalari kirangipun mekanisme mental ingkang trep (bounded rationality), dampak saking konstitusi lan kahanan biologis tiyang ingkang baku (embodied cognition), utawi namung kirangipun kapasitas kangge pemrosesan informasi.[7][8]
Gagasan babagan bias kognitif dipunwiwiti dening Amos Tversky lan Daniel Kahneman ing warsa 1972.[9] Menika tuwuh saking pengalaman panjenenganipun babagan innumeracy tiyang, utawi kirang sagedipun tiyang ngendikakaken intuisi kalihan urutan-urutan ingkang ageng. Tversky, Kahneman, lan rekan-rekanipun nedahaken mapinten-pinten cara ingkang saged dipunambali kanthi mekaten ingkang penjujengan lan pendametan keputusan manungsa beda saking teori pilihan rasional. Tversky lan Kahneman ngandharaken bedanipun manungsa ing penjujengan lan pendametan keputusan kanthi ngginakaken heuristik. Heuristik ngemot jalur cepet mental ingkang paring estimasi enggal babagan kemungkinan prastawa ingkang boten mesti.[10] Heuristik gampil dipunlampahi dening otak ananging kadangkala nglantaraken "kekirangan lan kesalahan sistematis."[11] Tuladhanipun, heuristik representativitas dipuntemtokaken minangka "tendensi njujengi kacahing utawi kemungkinan" prastawa kanthi ukuran ingkang "mliripun kasus tipikal."[12]
Daftar bias kognitif ingkang ngrembaka terus sampun dipunidentifikasi ing enem dekade panaliten babagan penjujengan lan pendametan keputusan manungsa ing sains kognitif, psikologi sosial, lan ekonomi perilaku. Kajian bias kognitif gadhah implikasi praktis kangge bidang-bidang kadosta penjujengan klinis, kewiraswastaan, keuangan, lan manajemen.[13][14]
Sitiran besut
- ↑ a b Haselton MG, Nettle D, Andrews PW (2005). "The evolution of cognitive bias.". Ing Buss DM (èd.). The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc. kc. 724–746.
- ↑ Kahneman D, Tversky A (1972). "Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness" (PDF). Cognitive Psychology. 3 (3): 430–454. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3. Diarsip saka sing asli (PDF) ing 2019-12-14. Dibukak ing 2017-04-01.
- ↑ Baron J (2007). Thinking and Deciding (édhisi ka-4th). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Ariely D (2008). Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions. New York, NY: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-135323-9.
- ↑ For instance: Gigerenzer G, Goldstein DG (October 1996). "Reasoning the fast and frugal way: models of bounded rationality" (PDF). Psychological Review. 103 (4): 650–69. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.174.4404. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.103.4.650. hdl:21.11116/0000-0000-B771-2. PMID 8888650.
- ↑ Tversky A, Kahneman D (September 1974). "Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases". Science. 185 (4157): 1124–31. Bibcode:1974Sci...185.1124T. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124. PMID 17835457. S2CID 143452957.
- ↑ Bless H, Fiedler K, Strack F (2004). Social cognition: How individuals construct social reality. Hove and New York: Psychology Press.
- ↑ Morewedge CK, Kahneman D (October 2010). "Associative processes in intuitive judgment". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 14 (10): 435–40. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.07.004. PMC 5378157. PMID 20696611.
- ↑ Kahneman D, Frederick S (2002). "Representativeness Revisited: Attribute Substitution in Intuitive Judgment". Ing Gilovich T, Griffin DW, Kahneman D (èd.). Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. kc. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-521-79679-8.
- ↑ Baumeister RF, Bushman BJ (2010). Social psychology and human nature: International Edition. Belmont, US: Wadsworth. kc. 141.
- ↑ Kahneman D, Frederick S (2002). "Representativeness Revisited: Attribute Substitution in Intuitive Judgment". Ing Gilovich T, Griffin DW, Kahneman D (èd.). Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. kc. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-521-79679-8.
- ↑ Baumeister RF, Bushman BJ (2010). Social psychology and human nature: International Edition. Belmont, US: Wadsworth. kc. 141.
- ↑ Kahneman D, Tversky A (July 1996). "On the reality of cognitive illusions" (PDF). Psychological Review. 103 (3): 582–91, discussion 592–6. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.174.5117. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.582. PMID 8759048.
- ↑ Zhang SX, Cueto J (2015). "The Study of Bias in Entrepreneurship". Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 41 (3): 419–454. doi:10.1111/etap.12212. S2CID 146617323.