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Hak manungsa ing Botswana

hak manungsa

Hak manungsa ing Botswana iku diréksa déning konstitusi. Lapuran Hak Manungsa taun 2009 déning Dhépartemen Jaba Nagari Amérika Sarékat nyathet yèn pamaréntah Botswana lumrahé ngajèni hak-hak warga nagarané.[1]

Konstitusi

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Konstitusi Botswana ngrembug asas-asas hak manungsa kaya ta kamardikan wicara, kamardikan kaklumpukan, lan hak urip.[2]

Isu

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Kamardikan wicara lan pèrs

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Konstitusi Botswana ngrembug gagasan kamardikan wicara lan bab iki lumrahé diajèni déning pamaréntah.[1]

Ukuman mati

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Artikel baku: Ukuman mati ing Botswana

Pangadhilan Luhur ing Johannesburg, Afrika Kidul ngandharaké Botswana minangka "nagara pariah kang ora sinkron karo mayoritas nagara-nagara Afrika kang wis ninggal utawa nulak ukuman mati". 32 wong dikendhat ing Botswana ing antarané jaman kamardikan nalika 1966 nganti 1998, lan enem wong liyané dièksekusi antara taun 2001 nganti 2006.

Pribumi

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Delengen uga: Pasulayan lemah leluhur ing Botswana

Akèh wong pribumi San dipindhah kanthi peksa saka lemah darbèké dhéwé menyang rèservasi. Supaya dhèwèké padha pindhah, wong San ora diidini ngaksès banyu saka lemahé dhéwé lan ditangkep yèn nindakaké beburon kang dadi sumber panganan pokoké.[3] Lemah wong San kapernah ing tengah-tengah laladan inten paling kaloka ing donya. Sacara resmi, pamaréntah nyelak yèn pamindhahan iki ana gegayutané karo tambang lan ndhaku yèn pamindhahan iki kanggo njaga satwa lan ékosistem Botswana, senadyan ta wong San wis nglakoni urip ing lemah iku nganti èwunan taun.[3] Ing rèservasi, dhèwèké padha kasusahan golèk pagawéan lan nyandu alkohol kang dadi ambek sawenang-wenang.[3]

Kaanan historis

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Ing isor iki kapacak bagan peringkat Botswana awit 1972 ing lapuran Freedom in the World kang dibabar taunan déning Freedom House. Peringkat 1 iku "mardika"; 7, "ora mardika"[4][a]

Peringkat historis
Taun Hak pulitik Kamardikan sipil Setatus Présidhèn[b]
1972 3 4 Sapérangan Mardika Seretse Khama
1973 2 3 Mardika Seretse Khama
1974 2 3 Mardika Seretse Khama
1975 2 3 Mardika Seretse Khama
1976 2 3 Mardika Seretse Khama
1977 2 3 Mardika Seretse Khama
1978 2 3 Mardika Seretse Khama
1979 2 2 Mardika Seretse Khama
1980 2 3 Mardika Seretse Khama
1981 2 3 Mardika Quett Masire
1982[c] 2 3 Mardika Quett Masire
1983 2 3 Mardika Quett Masire
1984 2 3 Mardika Quett Masire
1985 2 3 Mardika Quett Masire
1986 2 3 Mardika Quett Masire
1987 2 3 Mardika Quett Masire
1988 2 3 Mardika Quett Masire
1989 1 2 Mardika Quett Masire
1990 1 2 Mardika Quett Masire
1991 1 2 Mardika Quett Masire
1992 1 2 Mardika Quett Masire
1993 2 3 Mardika Quett Masire
1994 2 3 Mardika Quett Masire
1995 2 2 Mardika Quett Masire
1996 2 2 Mardika Quett Masire
1997 2 2 Mardika Quett Masire
1998 2 2 Mardika Quett Masire
1999 2 2 Mardika Festus Mogae
2000 2 2 Mardika Festus Mogae
2001 2 2 Mardika Festus Mogae
2002 2 2 Mardika Festus Mogae
2003 2 2 Mardika Festus Mogae
2004 2 2 Mardika Festus Mogae
2005 2 2 Mardika Festus Mogae
2006 2 2 Mardika Festus Mogae
2007 2 2 Mardika Festus Mogae
2008 2 2 Mardika Festus Mogae
2009 3 2 Mardika Ian Khama
2010 3 2 Mardika Ian Khama
2011 3 2 Mardika Ian Khama
2012[5] 3 2 Mardika Ian Khama
2013[6] 3 2 Mardika Ian Khama
2014[7] 3 2 Mardika Ian Khama

Prajanjèn internasional

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Solahé Botswana ngenani prajanjèn hak manungsa internasional:

Prajanjèn internasional
Prajanjèn Organisasi Dikenalaké Ditapak asmani Diratifikasi
Konvènsi babagan Pangéndhan lan Ukuman Piala Gènosida[8] Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1948 - -
Konvènsi Internasional babagan Pambusakan Sakabèhing Wujud Diskriminasi Rasial[9] Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1966 - 1974
Kovenan Internasional babagan Hak-Hak Ékonomi, Sosial, lan Budaya[10] Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1966 - -
Kovenan Internasional babagan Hak-Hak Sipil lan Pulitik[11] Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1966 2000 2000
Protokol Opsional Kapisan Kovenan Internasional babagan Hak-Hak Sipil lan Pulitik[12] Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1966 - -
Konvènsi babagan Ora Kenané Pawatesan Ukum tumrap Piala Perang lan Piala tumrap Kamanungsan[13] Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1968 - -
Konvènsi Internasional babagan Panyirnan lan Pangukuman Piala Apartheid[14] Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1973 - -
Konvènsi babagan Pambusakan Sakabèhing Wujud Diskriminasi marang Wanita[15] Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1979 - 1996
Konvènsi Nentang Panyiksan lan Perlakon utawa Pangukuman Liya kang Kejem, Ora Manungsawi, utawa Ngasoraké Martabating Manungsa[16] Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1984 2000 2000
Konvènsi Hak-Hak Anak[17] Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1989 - 1995
Protokol Opsional Kapindho Kovenan Internasional babagan Hak-Hak Sipil lan Pulitik babagan Pambusakan Ukuman Mati[18] Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1989 - -
Konvènsi Internasional babagan Pangreksan Sakabèhing Hak Buruh Migran lan Para Anggota Kulawarga Dhèwèké Padha[19] Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1990 - -
Protokol Opsional Konvènsi babagan Pambusakan Sakabèhing Wujud Diskriminasi marang Wanita[20] Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1999 - 2007
Protokol Opsional Konvènsi babagan Hak-Hak Anak babagan Gegayutané Anak ing Pasulayan mawa Gaman[21] Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa 2000 2003 2004
Protokol Opsional Konvènsi babagan Hak-Hak Anak babagan Pangadolan Anak, Prostitusi Anak, lan Pornografi Anak[22] Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa 2000 - 2003
Konvènsi babagan Hak-Hak Kang Nandhang Disabilitas[23] Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa 2006 - -
Protokol Opsional Konvènsi babagan Hak-Hak Kang Nandhang Disabilitas[24] Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa 2006 - -
Konvènsi Internasional babagan Pangreksan marang Kabèh Wong saka Tumindak Pangilangan Kanthi Peksa[25] Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa 2006 - -
Protokol Opsional Kovenan Internasional babagan Hak-Hak Ékonomi, Sosial, lan Budaya[26] Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa 2008 - -
Protokol Opsional Konvènsi Hak Anak babagan Prosedur Sesambungan[27] Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa 2011 - -

Uga delengen

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Cathetan

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  1. ↑ Gatèkna yèn "Taun" ing kéné satemené "Taun nalika dilapuraké". Mangkono iku, katrangan kang tinengeran taun 2008 iku lapuran kang dibabar taun 2009, lan sabanjuré.
  2. ↑ Per 1 Januari.
  3. ↑ Lapuran taun 1982 ngrakup taun 1981 lan paruh kapisan taun 1982, lan lapuran taun 1984 sabanjuré ngrakup paruh kapindho taun 1982 lan sakabèhing taun 1983. Kanggo kaprasajan, rong lapuran "setaun setengah" kang nyimpang iki wis dipisah dadi lapuran telung taun lumantar interpolasi.

Rujukan

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  1. ↑ a b , U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Botswana
  2. ↑ "Constitution of Botswana 1966 - Table of Contents". Commonlii.org. 1966-09-30. Diarsip saka asliné ing 2011-09-30. Dibukak ing 2012-11-08.
  3. ↑ a b c "Botswana bushmen: Modern life is destroying us". BBC News. 7 January 2014. Diarsip saka asliné ing 2016-03-25. Dibukak ing 24 July 2016.
  4. ↑ Freedom House (2012). "Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012" (XLS). Diarsip saka asliné ing 2012-04-24. Dibukak ing 2012-08-22.
  5. ↑ Freedom House (2013). "Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance" (PDF). Diarsip (PDF) saka asliné ing 2015-04-02. Dibukak ing 2015-03-25.
  6. ↑ Freedom House (2014). "Freedom in the World 2014" (PDF). Diarsip (PDF) saka asliné ing 2015-07-12. Dibukak ing 2015-03-25.
  7. ↑ Freedom House (2015). "Freedom in the World 2015" (PDF). Diarsip (PDF) saka asliné ing 2015-10-18. Dibukak ing 2015-03-25.
  8. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 20 October 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  9. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 11 February 2011. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  10. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 17 September 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  11. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 1 September 2010. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  12. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Diarsip saka asliné ing 2012-10-21. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  13. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968". Diarsip saka asliné ing 2012-10-20. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  14. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 18 July 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  15. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 23 August 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  16. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 8 November 2010. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  17. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 11 February 2014. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  18. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 20 October 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  19. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 25 August 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  20. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999". Diarsip saka asliné ing 2011-05-20. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  21. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000". Diarsip saka asliné ing 2016-04-25. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  22. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000". Diarsip saka asliné ing 2013-12-13. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  23. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 19 August 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  24. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 13 January 2016. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  25. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006". Diarsip saka asliné ing 2012-08-21. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  26. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008". Diarsip saka asliné ing 2012-09-24. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.
  27. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008". Diarsip saka sing asli ing 25 August 2012. Dibukak ing 2012-08-29.

Pranala jaba

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