Tetanduran lan kèwan ing Austronesia: Béda antara owahan

'''Tetanduran lan kèwan ing Austronèsia''' yaiku salah sawijining prekara hijrah manungsa yaiku pemukiman maritim ing wilayah Indo-Pasifik dèning masyarakat [[Austronesia|Austronèsia]], kang diprecaya wiwit paling ora 5,500 dadi 4,000 BP (3500 nganti 2000 SM).

Manéka spesies [[pring]] (subfamily Bambusoideae) ditemokaké ing saindenging Pulo Asia Tenggara, daratan Asia Tenggara, Asia Wétan, lan Asia Kidul. Ing wilayah Austronesia, macem-macem jinis bamboos duwe manèka jeneng, uga produk digawé saka. Iki digunakake kanthi macem-macem bahan bangunan, peralatan memancing, alat musik, lading, banyu lan wadhah panganan, lan liya-liyane. Pucuk pring uga minangka sumber panganan ing Asia Tenggara. Sawetara spèsies pring digawa dèning pemukiman Austronèsia nalika njajah pulau Pasifik. Kasedhiya kalebu klompok (Schizostachyum glaucifolium), pring umum (Bambusa vulgaris), lan pring tanduk (Bambusa bambos).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.temarareo.org/PPN-Kofe.html|title=Te Māra Reo|website=www.temarareo.org|access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/831658185|title=Handbook of archaeological theories|last=Bentley, R. Alexander, 1970-|last2=Maschner, Herbert D. G.|last3=Chippindale, Christopher, 1951-|date=2008|publisher=AltaMira Press|isbn=978-0-7591-1360-2|location=Lanham, MD|oclc=831658185}}</ref> Tembung Proto-Austronèsia kang direncanakaké manèh kang diarani pring kalebu * ''qauR, * kawayan, * buluq'', lan *''betung''. Urutan terakhir mlebu Proto-Malayo-Polinèsia lan Proto-Oceanic minangka *bitung, kanthi kalebu Melayu awi bitung; Fijian lintang; lan pitu Tongan. Umumé istilah kanggo pring [[Polinésia|Polinèsia]], Nanging, asalé saka Proto-South-Central-Pacific * kofe (asal'é saka Proto-Polinesia *''kofe'', "root"). Kognitif modhèrn kalebu Tongan lan Niue ''kofe''; Tokelau, Marquesan, Tuamotuan, lan kohe; Rarotongan ko'e; Samoan lan Tahitian ʻofe; lan Hawaii. Sawetara jeneng uga wis ngrujuk menyang tanduran kaya pring; khususé ing pulo kang ora dikenal utawa ora urip, kaya ing Aotearoa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blust|first=Robert|last2=Trussel|first2=Stephen|date=2013-12-09|title=The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: A Work in Progress|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/530554|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|language=en|volume=52|issue=2|pages=493–523|doi=10.1353/ol.2013.0016|issn=1527-9421}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fowler|first=Cynthia|date=2005/03|title=Why is Maize a Sacred Plant? Social History and Agrarian Change on Sumba|url=https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Ethnobiology/volume-25/issue-1/0278-0771(2005)25[39:WIMASP]2.0.CO;2/Why-is-Maize-a-Sacred-Plant-Social-History-and-Agrarian/10.2993/0278-0771(2005)25[39:WIMASP]2.0.CO;2.full|journal=Journal of Ethnobiology|volume=25|issue=1|pages=39–57|doi=10.2993/0278-0771(2005)25[39:WIMASP]2.0.CO;2|issn=0278-0771}}</ref>

Tembung kang dibangun manèh kanggo [[Tales|talas]] gedhé ing Proto-Austronèsia yaiku *''biRaq'', kang dadi Proto-Oceanic *piRaq. Ngenal modhèrn kanggo iku ing Pulo Asia Kidul lan Micronèsia kalebu Rukai ''vi'a'' utawa ''bi'a''; Ifugao ''bila''; Ilocano, Cebuano, lan Bikol ''biga''; Tiruray bira; Ngaju ''biha''; Malagasy ''via''; ''Birah'' Melayu lan Acèh; Mongondow ''biga''; Palauan ''bísə''; Chamorro ''piga''; Bima ''wia''; Roti lan Tetun ''fia''; Asilulu ''hila''; lan Kowiai ''fira''. Ing Oceania, ngertèni kang kalebu Wuvulu lan Aua ''pia''; Motu lan 'Are'are ''hira''; Kilivila lan Fijian ''via'' ; lan ''pia'' Hawaii. Wigati manawa ing sawetara kasus, utawa jnis talas liyané.<ref>Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2013). "The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: A Work in Progress". ''Oceanic Linguistics''. '''52''' (2): 493–523. doi:10.1353/ol.2013.0016.</ref>

Asu, ditrapaké utamané kanggo fungsi sosiyal ing manèka budaya Austronèsia, kang dadi kanca lan kèwan. Dhèwéké uga dilatih supaya [[asu]] iku bisa mburu utawa njaga. Ornamen kang digawé saka wulu asu, untu, lan balung ditemokaké ing situs-situs arkéologi ing saindenging Austronèsia. Iki bisa didol minangka komoditas, uga kirik. Asu uga kadang-kadang mangan, nanging iki bèda-bèda miturut budaya, kanthi pirang-pirang klompok kang nulak mangan asu, dènè ing liyané, mula uga dadi sumber panganan utama.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fillios|first=Melanie A.|last2=Taçon|first2=Paul S. C.|date=2016-06-01|title=Who let the dogs in? A review of the recent genetic evidence for the introduction of the dingo to Australia and implications for the movement of people|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X16300694|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports|language=en|volume=7|pages=782–792|doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.03.001|issn=2352-409X}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49508647|title=The archaeology of Lapita dispersal in Oceania : papers from the Fourth Lapita Conference, June 2000, Canberra, Australia|last=Clark, Geoffrey R. (Geoffrey Richard), 1966-|last2=Anderson, Atholl.|last3=Vunidilo, T. (Tarisi)|date=2001|publisher=Pandanus Books|isbn=1-74076-010-7|location=Canberra, Australia|oclc=49508647}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Greig|first=Karen|last2=Boocock|first2=James|last3=Prost|first3=Stefan|last4=Horsburgh|first4=K. Ann|last5=Jacomb|first5=Chris|last6=Walter|first6=Richard|last7=Matisoo-Smith|first7=Elizabeth|date=2015-10-07|title=Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of New Zealand’s First Dogs|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0138536|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=10|issue=10|pages=e0138536|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0138536|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMC4596854|pmid=26444283}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Greig|first=Karen|last2=Boocock|first2=James|last3=Allen|first3=Melinda|last4=Matisoo-Smith|first4=Lisa|last5=Walter|first5=Richard|date=2018-01-01|title=Ancient DNA Evidence for the Introduction and Dispersal of Dogs (Canis familiaris) in New Zealand|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323644195_Ancient_DNA_Evidence_for_the_Introduction_and_Dispersal_of_Dogs_Canis_familiaris_in_New_Zealand|journal=Journal of Pacific Archaeology|volume=9|pages=1–10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=O'Connor|first=Sue|last2=Mahirta|last3=Tanudirjo|first3=Daud|last4=Ririmasse|first4=Marlon|last5=Husni|first5=Muhammad|last6=Kealy|first6=Shimona|last7=Hawkins|first7=Stuart|last8=Alifah|date=2018/05|title=Ideology, Ritual Performance and Its Manifestations in the Rock Art of Timor-Leste and Kisar Island, Island Southeast Asia|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/ideology-ritual-performance-and-its-manifestations-in-the-rock-art-of-timorleste-and-kisar-island-island-southeast-asia/9D66588AF7B8A12E781D337474E406E8|journal=Cambridge Archaeological Journal|language=en|volume=28|issue=2|pages=225–241|doi=10.1017/S0959774317000816|issn=0959-7743}}</ref>

Spèsies rodent[[tikus]] ing ngisor iki umum ing daratan Asia Tenggara, nanging diwatesi kanggo papan kang akeh udan yaiku ing Indonesia kulon (Sumatra lan Java).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/225298720|title=The Austronesians : historical and comparative perspectives|last=Bellwood, Peter S.,|last2=Fox, James J., 1940-|last3=Tryon, D. T. (Darrell T.),|last4=Australian National University. Comparative Austronesian Project,|isbn=978-1-920942-85-4|location=Canberra, ACT|oclc=225298720}}</ref>