Perang Sangang Taun
Perang 9 Taun (1688–1997) – asring dipunsebut minangka Perang Aliansi Agung, Perang Suksesi Palatine, utawi Perang Liga Augsburg inggih punika perang ageng wonten ing pungkasaning abad kaping 17 antawising Raja Louis XIV saka Perancis nglawan Aliansi Agung ingkang dipunpimpin déning Stadtholder Walanda lan Raja Inggris William III, Kaisar Romawi Suci Leopold I, Raja Charles II saka Spanyol, Victor Amadeus II saka Savoy, lan pangéran-pangéran ageng lan alit saking Kamaharajan Romawi Suci. Perang 9 Taun kadadosan wonten ing Éropa daratan lan perairan sakitaripun, nanging ugi ngrambat dhateng Irlandia amargi William III lan James II ngrebutaken kakuwasan KapuloanBritania. Kajawi punika, kadadosan ugi kampanye militèr alit antawising pemukim Inggris lan Perancis sarta sekuthu penduduk aslinipun wonten ing Amérika Utara (Perang Raja William).[1]
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Sasampuning Perang Perancis-Walanda wonten ing taun 1678, Louis XIV medal minangka raja paling kuat ing Éropa; nanging, éwadéné kakuwasanipun sampun samsaya wiyar, sang 'Raja Matahari' taksih dèrèng marem. Kanthi nggabungaken agrési, anéksasi, lan cara semi-legal, Louis XIV nyobi miyarwaken kakuwasanipun kanggé nytabilaken lan ngiyataken winatesaning Perancis, ingkang njalari kakadosan Perang Reunion (1683–1684). Gencatan Senjata Ratisbon njamin pamwiyaran wates Perancis sadanguning kalih dasa taun, nanging tindakan Louis XIV ingkang salajengipun-ingkang utama pencabutan Maklumat Nantes wonten ing taun 1685, lan upayanipun kanggé ngiyataken prabawaipun ing Rhineland Jerman-njalari kamunduran dominasi militèr lan pulitikipun. Dudutan Louis XIV kanggé nyebrang kali Rhine lan ngepung Philippsburg wonten ing September 1688 wiwitanipun dipunupayakaken kanggé meksa Kamaharajan Romawi Suci nampi klaim teritori lan dinasti Louis. Nanging, nalika Kaisar Romawi Suci lan pangeran-pangeran Jerman nolak, lan nalika William III nyèrèt Walanda lan Inggris dhateng perang nglawan Perancis, Louis XIV pungkasanipun ngadhepi koalisi kiat ingkang ngupiya mandhegaken ambisinipun.[2]
Sapérangan ageng paprangan kadadosan ing sakitar wates Perancis: ing Walanda Spanyol; Rhineland; Kadipaten Savoy; lan Katalonia. Wonten ing paprangan punika, pangepungan langkung kathah dipuntindakaken, ingkang utama ing Mons, Namur, Charleroi, lan Barcelona. Paprangan kanthi kabikak kados wonten ing Fleurus lan Marsaglia langkung arang. Paprangan-paprangan mau limrahipun langkung nguntungaken angkatan bersenjata Louis XIV; nanging, wonten ing taun 1696, Perancis dipunlilit déning krisis èkonomi. Kekiyatan Maritim (Inggris lan Republik Walanda) ugi dananipun sampun, lan sasampuning Savoy berkhianat, Aliansi Agung sarujuk kanggé ngawontenaken négosiasi. Traktat Ryswick dipuntapakasmani nalika tanggal 20 September 1697, lan dhedhasar perjanjian damai mau, Louis tetep nguwaosi Alsace, nanging kedah mbangsulaken Lorraine dhateng ingkang gadhah; piyambakipun ugi kedah masrahaken laladan ingkang dipunrebut ing sisih tengen kali Rhine. Louis XIV sarujuk kanggé ngakoni William III minangka Raja Inggris, déné Walanda ngiyataken bénténg ing Walanda Spanyol kanggé njagi perbatasanipun. Nanging, kanthi sédanipun Charles II saking Spanyol ingkang boten gadhah keturunan, konflik énggal ingkang gegayutan kaliyan panerus Kamaharajan Spanyol, inggih punika Perang Suksesi Spanyol, badhé kadadosan.
Cathetan suku
besut- ↑ Childs, John (1991). The Nine Years' War and the British Army. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-3461-2
- ↑ Simms, Brendan (2008). Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-028984-8
- Aubrey, Philip (1979). The Defeat of James Stuart's Armada 1692. Leicester University Press. ISBN 0-7185-1168-9
- Bromley, J. S. (ed.) (1971). The New Cambridge Modern History VI: The Rise of Great Britain and Russia 1688–1725. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07524-6
- Chandler, David G (1990). The Art of Warfare in the Age of Marlborough. Spellmount Limited. ISBN 0-946771-42-1
- Childs, John (2003). Warfare in the Seventeenth Century. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-36373-1
- Doyle, William (2001). Short Oxford History of France – Old Regime France. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-873129-9
- Elson, Henry William (1908). History of the United States of America, Volume 1. The MacMillan Company
- Kinross, John (1998). The Boyne and Aughrim: The War of the Two Kings. The Windrush Press. ISBN 1-900624-07-9
- Lovejoy, David (1987). The Glorious Revolution in America. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-6177-0. OCLC 14212813.
- Lynn, John A (1999). The Wars of Louis XIV: 1667–1714. Longman. ISBN 0-582-05629-2
- McKay, Derek (1977). Prince Eugene of Savoy. Thames and Hudson Ltd. ISBN 0-500-87007-1
- McKay, Derek & Scott, H. M (1984). The Rise of the Great Powers: 1648–1815. Longman. ISBN 0-582-48554-1
- Miller, John (2000). James II. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08728-4
- Rodger N.A.M (2006). The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815, Penguin. ISBN 0-14-102690-1
- Rowlands, Guy (2000). Louis XIV, Vittorio Amedeo II and French Military Failure in Italy, 1689–96. The English Historical Review 115(462): 534–69
- Spielman, John (1977). Leopold I of Ostenrik. Thames and Hudson Ltd. ISBN 0-500-87005-5
- Storrs, Christopher (1999). War, Diplomacy and the Rise of Savoy, 1690–1720. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55146-3
- Symcox, Geoffrey (ed.) (1973). War, Diplomacy, and Imperialism: 1618–1763. Harper & Row. ISBN 061395005
- Taylor, Alan (2002). American Colonies: The Settling of North America. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-200210-0
- Wolf, John B (1962). The Emergence of the Great Powers: 1685–1715. Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-139750-9
- Wolf, John B. (1970). Louis XIV. Panther Books. ISBN 0-586-03332-7
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