Pratélan Usada Pokok Modhèl WHO
Pratélan Usada Pokok Modhèl WHO (EML), dibabar déning World Health Organization (WHO), isiné usada-usada sing dianggep paling mempan tur aman tumrap kabutuhan paling ndhasari ing sistem kaséhatan. Pratélan iki asring dicakaké ing manéka nagara minangka dhasaran nalika nggawé pratélan usada pokok sing enggon-enggonan ing nagarané dhéwé-dhéwé.[1] Dhèk taun 2016, 155 nagara punjul wis nggawé pratélan usada pokok nasional sing dhedhasar pratélan modhèl World Health Organization iki.[2] Nagara-nagara sing ngecakaké kalebu nagara-nagara maju saha nagara-nagara tumuwuh.[1]
Pratélan iki dipérang dadi barang-barang inti lan barang-barang lelengkap. Éwoning barang-barang inti iku ingaran sing paling mujarab kanggo ngatasi masalah kaséhatan lan bisa dicakaké kanthi tambahan sumber daya layanan kaséhatan sing minimal. Éwadéné, éwoning barang-barang lelengkap mbutuhaké infrastruktur tambahan kaya ta juru awèh layanan kaséhatan sing digladhi mirunggan utawa piranti dhiagnostik utawa duwé rasio béya-bathi sing cilik.[3] Pratélan lelengkap nglimputi watara 25% barang ing pratélan iki.[4] Sawenèh usada kagolong becik ing pratélan inti uga ing pratélan lelengkap.[5] Sanadyan kèh-kèhé usada ing pratélan iku weton gènerik, ana ing pangayomané patèn ora ateges ngejabakaké inklusi.[6]
Pratélané pisanan dibabar taun 1977 lan macak usada cacah 212.[1][7] WHO banjur nganyari pratélané mbaka rong taun.[8] Pratélan sing kaping 14 dibabar taun 2005 lan macak usada cacah 306.[9] Ing taun 2015, èdhisi kaping 19 dibabar lan macak watara 410 usada.[8] Èdhisi kaping 20 dirancang babaré ing taun 2017. Pratélan-pratélan nasional macak watara 334 lan 580 usada.[4]
Pratélan sing ndhèwèki diyasa kanggo bocah umur tekan 12 taun, ingaran Pratélan Usada Pokok kanggo Bocah Modhèl WHO (EMLc). Pratélan iki diripta taun 2007 lan saiki wis nyadhak èdhisi kaping 5.[8][10] Pratélan iki digawé kanggo minangkani butuhé bocah kanthi cumepaké formulasi sing trep.[11][12] Samubarang sing ana ing pratélan kanggo bocah iku uga kapacak ing pratélan pokok.[13] Pratélan kanggo bocah dalah cathetané iku dhedhasar èdhisi kaping 19 pratélan pokok. Simbul α mratandhani yèn sawijining usada mung kapacak ing pratélan lelengkap.[3]
Anèstètik
besutAnèstètik umum lan oksigèn
besutUsada inhalasi
besut- Halotan
- Isofluran
- Oksidha nitro
- Oksigèn
Usada suntik
besut- Kétamin
- Propofol[cathetan 1]
Anèstètik enggon-enggonan
besut- Bupivakain
- Lidhokain
- Lidhokain/épinéfrin
- Éfédrinα (dudu anèstètik enggon-enggonan, kalebu ing pratélan iki awit kanggo panyegah wewesan getih sing asor sing gegayutan karo anèstèsi spinal nalika operasi sésar)
Usada praoperasi lan sédasi tumrap prosedhur kala-cendhak
besut- Atropin
- Midhazolam
- Morfin
Usada kanggo lara lan pangrumat paliatif
besutNonopioid lan usada anti-inflamasi nonstéroid (NSAIDs)
besut
- Asem asètilsalisilat (aspirin)
- Ibuprofèn
- Parasétamol[cathetan 2] (asétaminofèn)
Analgèsik opioid
besut- Kodhéin
- Morfin[cathetan 3]
Usada tumrap tandha-tandha umum liyané babagan pangrumat paliatif
besut- Amitriptilin
- Siklizin
- Dhéksamétason
- Dhiazépam
- Sodhiyum dhokusat
- Fluoksètin
- Halopéridhol
- Butilbromid hioskin
- Hidrobromid hioskin
- Laktulos
- Lopéramid
- Métoklopramid
- Midhazolam
- Ondhansétron
- Sénna
Antialèrgi lan usada tumrap anafilaksis
besut- Dhéksamétason
- Épinéfrin (adrénalin)
- Hidrokortison
- Loratadhin[cathetan 4]
- Prédnisolon
Antidhot (panawa) lan dat liyané tumrap karacunan
besutOra mirunggan
besut- Karbon aktif
Mirunggan
besutUsada antikonvulsi
besut- Karbamazépin
- Dhiazépam
- Lorazépam
- Sulfat magnésiyum[cathetan 5]
- Fénobarbital
- Fénitoin
- Asem valporat (valporat sodhiyum)
- Éthosuksimidα
Usada antiinfèksi
besutAntihèlmintik (obat cacing)
besutAntihèlmintik usus
besut
- Albèndhazol
- Lévamisol
- Mébéndhazol
- Niklosamid
- Prazikuwantèl
- Prantèl
Antifilarial
besut- Albéndhazol
- Dhiètilkarbamazin
- Ivèrmèktin
Antiskistosomal lan usada antinématod liyané
besut- Prazikuwantèl
- Triklabéndhazol
- Oksamnikuwinα
Antibiotik
besutUsada béta laktam
besut- Amoksisilin
- Amoksisilin/asem klavulan (amoksisilin + asem klavulan)
- Ampisilin
- Bènzilpénisilin bènzatin
- Bènzilpénisilin
- Séfalèksin
- Séfazolin[cathetan 6]
- Séfiksim[cathetan 7]
- Séftriakson[cathetan 8]
- Kloksasilin
- Fénoksimétilpénisilin (pénisilin V)
- Bènzilpénisilin prokain[cathetan 9]
- Séfotaksimα[cathetan 10]
- Sèftazidhimα
- Imipénèm/silastatinα[cathetan 11]
Antibaktèri liyané
besut- Azitromisin[cathetan 12]
- Kloramfénisol
- Siprofloksasin
- Klaritromisin[cathetan 13]
- Dhoksisiklin
- Èritromisin
- Géntamisin
- Métronidhazol
- Nitrofurantoin
- Spèktinomisin
- Trimétoprim/sulfamétoksazol
- Trimétoprim
- Slindhamisinα
- Vankomisinα
Usada antilèprosi
besut- Klofazimin
- Dhapson
- Rifampisin
Usada antituberkulosis
besut
- Étambutol
- Étambutol/isoniazid (étambutol + isoniazid)
- Étambutol/isoniazid/pirazinamid/rifampisin (étambutol + isoniazid + pirazinamid + rifampisin)
- Étambutol/isoniazid/rifampisin (étambutol + isoniazid + rifampisin)
- Isoniazid
- Isoniazid/pirazinamid/rifampisin (isoniazid + pirazinamid + rifampisin)
- Isoniazid/rifampicin (isoniazid + rifampisin)
- Pirazinamid
- Rifabutin[cathetan 14]
- Rifampisin
- Rifapèntin[cathetan 15]
- Amikasinα
- Bédhakuwilinα
- Kapréomisinα
- Siklosérinα[cathetan 16]
- Dhélamanidα
- Ètionamidα[cathetan 17]
- Kanamisinα
- Lévofloksasinα[cathetan 18]
- Linézolidα
- Asem p-aminosalisilikα
- Strèptomisinα
Usada antijamur
besut- Amfotérisin B
- Klotrimazol
- Flukonazol
- Flusitosin
- Griséofulvin
- Nistatin
- Iodid potasiyumα
Usada antivirus
besutUsada antihèrpes
besut- Asiklovir
Antirétrovirus
besutInhibitor transkriptase balik nukléyosid/nukléyotid
besut- Abakavir (ABC)
- Lamivudhin (3TC)
- Stavudhin (d4T)
- Fumarat dhisoproksil ténofovir (TDF)
- Zidhovudhin (ZDV or AZT)
Inhibitor transkriptase balik non-nukléyosid
besut- Efavirenz (EGV or EFZ)
- Nevirapine (NVP)
Inhibitor protase
besut200mg.jpg)
- Atazanavir
- Darunavir
- Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)
- Ritonavir
- Saquinavir (SQV)
Gabungan dhosis ajeg
besut- Abacavir/lamivudine (abacavir + lamivudine)
- Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir[cathetan 19]
- Emtricitabine/tenofovir
- Lamivudine/nevirapine/stavudine
- Lamivudine/nevirapine/zidovudine
- Lamivudine/zidovudine
Antivirus liyané
besut- Osèltamivir[cathetan 20]
- Ribavirin[cathetan 21]
- Valgansiklovir
Usada antihépatitis
besutUsada tumrap hépatitis B
besutInhibitor transkriptase walik nukléosid/nukléotid
- Èntekavir
- Fumarat dhisoproksil ténofovir (TDF)
Usada tumrap hépatitis C
besutInhibitor polimérase nukléotid
- Sofosbuvir
Inhibitor protéase
- Simeprévir
Inhibitor NS5A
- Dhaklatasvir
Inhibitor polimérase non-nukléosid
- Dhasabuvir
Antivirus liyané
- Ribavirin[cathetan 22]
- Interféron-alfa-2a pégilasi utawa interféron-alfa-2b pégilasiα[cathetan 23]
Gabungan dhosis ajeg
- Lédhipasvir/sofosbuvir
- Ombitasvir/paritaprévir/ritonavir
Usada antiprotozoa
besutUsada antiamoéba lan antigiardhiasis
besut- Dhiloksanid
- Métronidhazol
Usada antiléismaniasis
besut- Amfotérisin B
- Miltéfosin
- Paromomisin
- Stiboglukonat sodhium utawa antimoniat méglumin
Usada antimalaria
besutMinangka tamba kuratif
besut- Amodiaquine[cathetan 24]
- Artemether[cathetan 25]
- Artemether/lumefantrine[cathetan 26]
- Artesunate[cathetan 27]
- Artesunate/amodiaquine[cathetan 28]
- Artesunate/mefloquine
- Chloroquine[cathetan 29]
- Doxycycline[cathetan 30]
- Mefloquine
- Primaquine[cathetan 31]
- Quinine[cathetan 32]
- Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine[cathetan 33]
Kanggo panyegah
besut- Chloroquine[cathetan 34]
- Doxycycline
- Mefloquine
- Proguanil[cathetan 35]
Usada antipnéumosistosis lan antitoksoplasmosis
besut- Pyrimethamine
- Sulfadiazine
- Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim
- Pentamidineα
Usada antitripanosom
besutTripanosomiasis afrika
besutTataran angka 1
besut- Pentamidine[cathetan 36]
- Suramin sodium[cathetan 37]
Tataran angka 2
besut- Eflornithine[cathetan 38]
- Melarsoprol
- Nifurtimox[cathetan 39]
Tripanosomiasis amérika
besut- Benznidazole
- Nifurtimox
Usaga antimigrèn
besutSerangan akut
besut- Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin)
- Ibuprofen
- Paracetamol
Panyegah
besut- Propranolol
Antinéoplastik lan imunosuprèsif
besutUsada imunosuprèsif
besutUsada adjuvan lan sitotoksik
besut- All-trans retinoic acid (trétinoin)α
- Allopurinolα
- Asparaginaseα
- Bendamustineα
- Bleomycinα
- Calcium folinateα
- Capecitabineα
- Carboplatinα
- Chlorambucilα
- Cisplatinα
- Cyclophosphamideα
- Cytarabineα
- Dacarbazineα
- Dactinomycinα
- Daunorubicinα
- Docetaxelα
- Doxorubicinα
- Etoposideα
- Fludarabineα
- Fluorouracilα
- Filgrastimα
- Gemcitabineα
- Hydroxycarbamideα
- Ifosfamideα
- Imatinibα
- Irinotecanα
- Mercaptopurineα
- Mesnaα
- Methotrexateα
- Oxaliplatinα
- Paclitaxelα
- Procarbazineα
- Rituximabα
- Thioguanineα
- Trastuzumabα
- Vinblastineα
- Vincristineα
- Vinorelbineα
Hormon lan antihormon
besutUsada antiparkinson
besut- Biperiden
- Carbidopa/levodopa (levodopa + carbidopa)
Usada sing mrabawani getih
besutUsada antianémia
besut- Ferrous salt
- Ferrous salt/folic acid
- Folic acid
- Hydroxocobalamin
Usada sing njalari koagulasi
besut- Enoxaparin
- Heparin sodium
- Phytomenadione
- Protamine sulfate
- Tranexamic acid
- Warfarin
- Desmopressinα
Usada liyané tumrap hémoglobinopati
besut- Deferoxamineα[cathetan 40]
- Hydroxycarbamideα
Wetoné getih lan gegantèn plasma sing asalé saka manungsa
besutGetih lan komponèn getih
besut
- Fresh frozen plasma
- Platelet concentrates
- Packed red blood cells
- Whole blood
Usada tumurun saka plasma
besutImunoglobulin manungsa
besut- Rho(D) immune globulin
- Anti-rabies immunoglobulin
- Anti-tetanus immunoglobulin
- Human normal immunoglobulinα
Faktor koagulasi getih
besutGantiné plasma
besut- Dextran 70[cathetan 41]
Usada kardhiovaskular
besutUsada antiangina
besut- Bisoprolol[cathetan 42]
- Glyceryl trinitrate
- Isosorbide dinitrate
- Verapamil
Usada antiaritmik
besut- Bisoprolol
- Digoxin
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Lidocaine
- Verapamil
- Amiodaroneα
Usada antihipertènsi
besut- Amlodipine
- Bisoprolol
- Enalapril
- Hydralazine[cathetan 43]
- Hydrochlorothiazide
- Methyldopa[cathetan 44]
- Sodium nitroprussideα
Usada tumrap gagal jantung
besut- Bisoprolol
- Digoxin
- Enalapril
- Furosemide
- Hydrochlorothiazide
- Spironolactone
- Dopamineα
Usada antitrombotik
besutUsada antiplatelèt
besut- Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
- Clopidogrel
Usada trombolitik
besut- Streptokinaseα
Agèn pangasor lipid
besut- Simvastatin[cathetan 45]
Dhèrmatologis (topikal)
besutUsada antijamur
besut- Miconazole
- Selenium sulfide
- Sodium thiosulfate
- Terbinafine
Usada antiinfèksi
besut- Mupirocin
- Potassium permanganate
- Silver sulfadiazine
Usada antiinflamasi lan antipruritik
besut- Betamethasone
- Calamine
- Hydrocortisone
Usada sing mrabawani diferensiasi lan proliferasi kulit
besut- Benzoyl peroxide
- Coal tar
- Fluorouracil
- Podophyllum resin
- Salicylic acid
- Urea
Skabisid lan pédikulisid
besut- Benzyl benzoate
- Permethrin
Agèn dhiagnostik
besutUsada optalmik
besut- Fluorescein
- Tropicamide
Médhia radhiokontras
besut- Amidotrizoate
- Barium sulfate
- Iohexol
- Meglumine iotroxateα
Dhisinfèktan lan antisèptik
besutAntisèptik
besut- Chlorhexidine
- Ethanol
- Povidone iodine
Dhisinfèktan
besut- Alcohol based hand rub
- Chlorine base compound
- Chloroxylenol
- Glutaral
Dhiurètik
besut- Amiloride
- Furosemide
- Hydrochlorothiazide
- Mannitol
- Spironolactone
Usada gastrointèstinal
besut- Pancreatic enzymesα
Usada antiulkus
besut- Omeprazole
- Ranitidine
Usada antimutah
besut- Dexamethasone
- Metoclopramide
- Ondansetron
Usada antiinflamasi
besut- Sulfasalazine
- Hydrocortisoneα
Laksatif
besut- Senna
Usada tumrap dhiaré
besutRéhidrasi oral
besut- Oral rehydration salts
Usada tumrap dhiaré ing bocah
besut- Zinc sulfate[cathetan 46]
Hormon, usada éndhokrin liyané, lan kontrasèpsi
besutHormon adrénal lan gegantèn sintètik
besut- Fludrocortisone
- Hydrocortisone
Androgèn
besut- Testosteroneα
Kontrasèpsi
besutKontrasèpsi hormonal oral
besut- Ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel
- Ethinylestradiol/norethisterone
- Levonorgestrel
Kontrasèpsi hormonal suntik
besut- Estradiol cypionate/medroxyprogesterone acetate
- Medroxyprogesterone acetate
- Norethisterone enantate
Piranti intrauterus
besut- IUD with copper
- IUD with progestogen
Metodhe palang
besut- Condoms
- Diaphragms
Kontrasèpsi implan
besut- Etonogestrel—releasing implant
- Levonorgestrel—releasing implant
Kontrasèpsi intravagina
besut- Progesterone vaginal ring
Insulin lan usada liyané tumrap dhiabètes
besut- Gliclazide[cathetan 47]
- Glucagon
- Insulin injection (soluble)
- Intermediate-acting insulin
- Metformin
Indhuser ovulasi
besut- Clomifeneα
Progèstogèn
besut- Medroxyprogesterone acetate
Hormon tiroid lan usada antitiroid
besut- Levothyroxine
- Potassium iodide
- Propylthiouracil
- Lugol's solutionα
Usada imunologi
besutAgèn dhiagnostik
besut- Tuberculin, purified protéin derivative (PPD)
Séra lan usada imunoglobulin
besut- Antivenom immunoglobulin[cathetan 48]
- Diphtheria antitoxin
Vaksin
besut
- BCG vaccine
- Cholera vaccine[cathetan 49]
- Diphtheria vaccine
- Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine
- Hepatitis A vaccine
- Hepatitis B vaccine
- HPV vaccine
- Influenza vaccine
- Japanese encephalitis vaccine[cathetan 50]
- Measles vaccine
- Meningococcal meningitis vaccine
- Mumps vaccine
- Pertussis vaccine
- Pneumococcal vaccine
- Poliomyelitis vaccine
- Rabies vaccine
- Rotavirus vaccine
- Rubella vaccine
- Tetanus vaccine
- Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine
- Typhoid vaccine
- Varicella vaccine
- Yellow fever vaccine
Panglemes otot (tumindak pèrifèr) lan kolinèstérase
besut- Atracurium
- Neostigmine
- Suxamethonium
- Vecuronium
- Pyridostigmineα
Pangupakara nétra
besutAgèn antiinfèksi
besut- Aciclovir
- Azithromycin
- Gentamicin
- Ofloxacin
- Tetracycline
Agèn antiinflamasi
besut- Prednisolone
Anèstètik enggon-enggonan
besut- Tetracaine
Usada miotik lan antiglaukoma
besut- Acetazolamide
- Latanoprost
- Pilocarpine
- Timolol
Usada midriatik
besut- Atropine[cathetan 51]
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)α
Faktor tuwuhé éndhotélial antivaskular (VEGF)
besut- Bevacizumabα
Usada oksitosik lan antioksitosik
besutUsada oksitosik lan abortifasièn
besut- Ergometrine
- Misoprostol
- Oxytocin
- Mifepristone used with misoprostolα[cathetan 52]
Usada antioksitosik (tokolitik)
besut- Nifedipine
Solusi dhialisis péritonéal
besut- Intraperitoneal dialysis solution (of appropriate composition)α
Usada tumrap gangguan pikir lan patrap
besutUsada tumrap gangguan psikotik
besut- Chlorpromazine
- Fluphenazine
- Haloperidol
- Risperidone
- Clozapineα
Usada tumrap gangguan swasana ati
besutUsada tumrap gangguan dhéprèsif
besut- Amitriptyline
- Fluoxetine
Usada tumrap gangguan bipolar
besut- Carbamazepine
- Lithium
- Valproic acid (sodium valproate)
Usada tumrap gangguan pangrudatin
besut- Diazepam
Usada tumrap gangguan obsèsif kompulsif
besut- Clomipramine
Usada tumrap gangguan amarga panganggoné dat psikoaktif
besut- Nicotine replacement therapy
- Methadoneα
Usada sing tumindak ing saluran ambegan
besutAntiasma lan usada tumrap lelara paru-paru obstuktif kronik
besut- Beclometasone
- Budesonide
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Ipratropium bromide
- Salbutamol (albuterol)
Larudan kanggo ndandani gangguan banyu, èlèktrolit, lan asem-basa
besutOral
besut- Oral rehydration salts
- Potassium chloride
Parèntéral
besut- Glucose
- Glucose with sodium chloride
- Potassium chloride
- Sodium chloride
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Sodium lactate, compound solution
Liya-liyané
besut- Water for injection
Vitamin lan mineral
besut- Ascorbic acid
- Calcium
- Cholecalciferol[cathetan 53]
- Ergocalciferol
- Iodine
- Nicotinamide
- Pyridoxine
- Retinol
- Riboflavin
- Sodium fluoride
- Thiamine
- Calcium gluconateα
Usada kuping, irung, lan telak tumrap bocah
besut- Acetic acid
- Budesonide
- Ciprofloxacin
- Xylometazoline
Usada mirunggan tumrap pangrumat néonatal
besutUsada kawènèhaké marang néonatus
besut- Caffeine citrate
- Chlorhexidine
- Ibuprofenα
- Prostaglandin Eα
- Prostaglandin E1
- Prostaglandin E2
- Surfactantα
Usada kawènèhaé marang ibu
besut- Dexamethasone
Usada tumrap lelara gegelan
besutUsada tumrap éncok
besutAgèn modhifikasi lelara ing gangguan réumatoid
besutLelara gegelan ing bocah enom
besut- Aspirin[cathetan 54]
Cathetan
besut- ^ An α indicates the medicine is only on the complementary list. For these items specialized diagnostic or monitoring or specialist training are needed. An item may also be listed as complementary on the basis of higher costs or a less attractive cost-benefit ratio.[3]
- ↑ Thiopental may be used as an alternative depending on local availability and cost.
- ↑ Not recommended for anti‐inflammatory use due to lack of proven benefit to that effect
- ↑ Alternatives limited to hydromorphone and oxycodone
- ↑ There may be a role for sedating antihistamines for limited indications (EMLc).
- ↑ For use in eclampsia and severe pre‐eclampsia and not for other convulsant disorders
- ↑ For surgical prophylaxis
- ↑ Only listed for single‐dose treatment of uncomplicated ano‐genital gonorrhoea
- ↑ Do not administer with calcium and avoid in infants with hyperbilirubinemia.
- ↑ Procaine benzylpenicillin is not recommended as first-line treatment for neonatal sepsis except in settings with high neonatal mortality, when given by trained health workers in cases where hospital care is not achievable.
- ↑ Third generation cephalosporin of choice for use in hospitalized neonates
- ↑ Only listed for the treatment of life‐threatening hospital‐based infection due to suspected or proven multidrug‐resistant infection
- ↑ Only listed for single‐dose treatment of genital Chlamydia trachomatis and of trachoma
- ↑ For use in combination regimens for eradication of H. pylori in adults
- ↑ For use only in patients with HIV receiving protease inhibitors
- ↑ For treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI) only
- ↑ Terizidone may be an alternative.
- ↑ Prothionamide may be an alternative.
- ↑ Ofloxacin and moxifloxacin may be alternatives based on availability and programme considerations.
- ↑ FTC is an acceptable alternative to 3TC, based on knowledge of the pharmacology, the resistance patterns and clinical trials of antiretrovirals.
- ↑ Potentially severe or complicated illness due to confirmed or suspected influenza virus infection in accordance with WHO treatment guidelines
- ↑ For the treatment of viral haemorrhagic fevers and in combination with pegylated interferons for the treatment of Hepatitis C
- ↑ For the treatment of hepatitis C, in combination with peginterferon or direct acting anti-viral medicines
- ↑ To be used in combination with ribavirin
- ↑ To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg
- ↑ For use in the management of severe malaria
- ↑ Not recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy or in children below 5 kg
- ↑ To be used in combination with either amodiaquine, mefloquine or sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine
- ↑ Other combinations that deliver the target doses required such as 153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride) with 50 mg artesunate can be alternatives.
- ↑ For use only for the treatment of P.vivax infection
- ↑ For use only in combination with quinine
- ↑ Only for use to achieve radical cure of P.vivax and P.ovale infections, given for 14 days
- ↑ For use only in the management of severe malaria, and should be used in combination with doxycycline
- ↑ Only in combination with artesunate 50 mg
- ↑ For use only in central American regions, for use for P.vivax
- ↑ For use only in combination with chloroquine
- ↑ To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection
- ↑ To be used for the treatment of the initial phase of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection
- ↑ To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection
- ↑ Only to be used in combination with eflornithine, for the treatment of T. b. gambiense infection
- ↑ Deferasirox oral form may be an alternative, depending on cost and availability.
- ↑ Polygeline, injectable solution, 3.5% is considered as equivalent.
- ↑ Includes metoprolol and carvedilol as alternatives
- ↑ Hydralazine is listed for use in the acute management of severe pregnancy‐induced hypertension only.
- ↑ Methyldopa is listed for use in the management of pregnancy‐induced hypertension only.
- ↑ For use in high‐risk patients
- ↑ In acute diarrhoea, zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct to oral rehydration salts
- ↑ Glibenclamide not suitable above 60 years
- ↑ Exact type to be defined locally
- ↑ Recommended for some high-risk populations
- ↑ Recommended for certain regions
- ↑ Or homatropine (hydrobromide) or cyclopentolate (hydrochloride)
- ↑ Requires close medical supervision
- ↑ Ergocalciferol can be used as an alternative.
- ↑ For use for rheumatic fever, juvenile arthritis, Kawasaki disease
Rujukan
besut- ↑ a b c "Essential medicines". World Health Organization. Dibukak ing 19 Januari 2017.
- ↑ "The WHO Essential Medicines List (EML): 30th anniversary". World Health Organization. Dibukak ing 26 Juni 2016.
- ↑ a b c "19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (pdf). who.int. World Health Organization. April 2015. kc. Annex 1. Dibukak ing 17 Januari 2017.
- ↑ a b Bansal, D; Purohit, VK (January 2013). "Accessibility and use of essential medicines in health care: Current progress and challenges in India". Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics. 4 (1): 13–8. doi:10.4103/0976-500X.107642. PMC 3643337. PMID 23662019.
- ↑ "The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines - WHO Technical Report Series, No. 920: 5. Reviews of sections of the Model List: 5.2 Review of core versus complementary listing of medicines". apps.who.int. 2003. Dibukak ing 6 Maret 2017.
- ↑ Beall, Reed (2016). "Patents and the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (18th Edition): Clarifying the Debate on IP and Access" (PDF). WIPO. Dibukak ing 3 Mèi 2017.
- ↑ Wirtz, VJ; Hogerzeil, HV; Gray, AL; Bigdeli, M; de Joncheere, CP; et al. (28 Januari 2017). "Essential medicines for universal health coverage". The Lancet. 389 (10067): 403–476. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31599-9. PMID 27832874.
- ↑ a b c "WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines". World Health Organization. Dibukak ing 17 Januari 2017.
- ↑ Prakash, B; Nadig, P; Nayak, A (2016). "Rational Prescription for a Dermatologist". Indian Journal of Dermatology. 61 (1): 32–8. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.174017. PMC 4763692. PMID 26955092.
- ↑ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children 5th List" (PDF). who.int. World Health Organization. August 2015. Dibukak ing 17 Januari 2017.
- ↑ Rose, K; Anker, JNVd (2010). Guide to Paediatric Drug Development and Clinical Research (ing basa Inggris). Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. kc. 42. ISBN 9783805593625.
- ↑ Seyberth, HW; Rane, A; Schwab, M (2011). Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology (ing basa Inggris). Springer Science & Business Media. kc. 358. ISBN 9783642201950.
- ↑ Kalle, H (9 Fèbruari 2017). "Essential Medicines for Children". Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. doi:10.1002/cpt.661. PMID 28182281.
Wacan liyané
besut- WHO Model Formulary 2008 (PDF). World Health Organization. 2009. ISBN 9789241547659.
- The selection and use of essential medicines: Twentieth report of the WHO Expert Committee 2015 (including 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and 5th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children) (PDF). WHO. 2015. ISBN 9789240694941.