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Pratélan Usada Pokok Modhèl WHO

Pratélan Usada Pokok Modhèl WHO (EML), dibabar déning World Health Organization (WHO), isiné usada-usada sing dianggep paling mempan tur aman tumrap kabutuhan paling ndhasari ing sistem kaséhatan. Pratélan iki asring dicakaké ing manéka nagara minangka dhasaran nalika nggawé pratélan usada pokok sing enggon-enggonan ing nagarané dhéwé-dhéwé.[1] Dhèk taun 2016, 155 nagara punjul wis nggawé pratélan usada pokok nasional sing dhedhasar pratélan modhèl World Health Organization iki.[2] Nagara-nagara sing ngecakaké kalebu nagara-nagara maju saha nagara-nagara tumuwuh.[1]

Pratélan iki dipérang dadi barang-barang inti lan barang-barang lelengkap. Éwoning barang-barang inti iku ingaran sing paling mujarab kanggo ngatasi masalah kaséhatan lan bisa dicakaké kanthi tambahan sumber daya layanan kaséhatan sing minimal. Éwadéné, éwoning barang-barang lelengkap mbutuhaké infrastruktur tambahan kaya ta juru awèh layanan kaséhatan sing digladhi mirunggan utawa piranti dhiagnostik utawa duwé rasio béya-bathi sing cilik.[3] Pratélan lelengkap nglimputi watara 25% barang ing pratélan iki.[4] Sawenèh usada kagolong becik ing pratélan inti uga ing pratélan lelengkap.[5] Sanadyan kèh-kèhé usada ing pratélan iku weton gènerik, ana ing pangayomané patèn ora ateges ngejabakaké inklusi.[6]

Pratélané pisanan dibabar taun 1977 lan macak usada cacah 212.[1][7] WHO banjur nganyari pratélané mbaka rong taun.[8] Pratélan sing kaping 14 dibabar taun 2005 lan macak usada cacah 306.[9] Ing taun 2015, èdhisi kaping 19 dibabar lan macak watara 410 usada.[8] Èdhisi kaping 20 dirancang babaré ing taun 2017. Pratélan-pratélan nasional macak watara 334 lan 580 usada.[4]

Pratélan sing ndhèwèki diyasa kanggo bocah umur tekan 12 taun, ingaran Pratélan Usada Pokok kanggo Bocah Modhèl WHO (EMLc). Pratélan iki diripta taun 2007 lan saiki wis nyadhak èdhisi kaping 5.[8][10] Pratélan iki digawé kanggo minangkani butuhé bocah kanthi cumepaké formulasi sing trep.[11][12] Samubarang sing ana ing pratélan kanggo bocah iku uga kapacak ing pratélan pokok.[13] Pratélan kanggo bocah dalah cathetané iku dhedhasar èdhisi kaping 19 pratélan pokok. Simbul α mratandhani yèn sawijining usada mung kapacak ing pratélan lelengkap.[3]

Anèstètik besut

Anèstètik umum lan oksigèn besut

Usada inhalasi besut

  • Halotan
  • Isofluran
  • Oksidha nitro
  • Oksigèn

Usada suntik besut

Anèstètik enggon-enggonan besut

  • Bupivakain
  • Lidhokain
  • Lidhokain/épinéfrin
  • Éfédrinα (dudu anèstètik enggon-enggonan, kalebu ing pratélan iki awit kanggo panyegah wewesan getih sing asor sing gegayutan karo anèstèsi spinal nalika operasi sésar)

Usada praoperasi lan sédasi tumrap prosedhur kala-cendhak besut

  • Atropin
  • Midhazolam
  • Morfin

Usada kanggo lara lan pangrumat paliatif besut

Nonopioid lan usada anti-inflamasi nonstéroid (NSAIDs) besut

 
Modhèl rangka struktur kimiyané aspirin
  • Asem asètilsalisilat (aspirin)
  • Ibuprofèn
  • Parasétamol[cathetan 2] (asétaminofèn)

Analgèsik opioid besut

Usada tumrap tandha-tandha umum liyané babagan pangrumat paliatif besut

  • Amitriptilin
  • Siklizin
  • Dhéksamétason
  • Dhiazépam
  • Sodhiyum dhokusat
  • Fluoksètin
  • Halopéridhol
  • Butilbromid hioskin
  • Hidrobromid hioskin
  • Laktulos
  • Lopéramid
  • Métoklopramid
  • Midhazolam
  • Ondhansétron
  • Sénna

Antialèrgi lan usada tumrap anafilaksis besut

  • Dhéksamétason
  • Épinéfrin (adrénalin)
  • Hidrokortison
  • Loratadhin[cathetan 4]
  • Prédnisolon

Antidhot (panawa) lan dat liyané tumrap karacunan besut

Ora mirunggan besut

  • Karbon aktif

Mirunggan besut

  • Asétilsistéin
  • Atropin
  • Glukonat kalsiyum
  • Klorid mètiltioninium (biru mètilèn)
  • Nalokson
  • Pénisilamin
  • Biru prusia
  • Nitrit sodhiyum
  • Tiosulfat sodhium
  • Dhéféroksaminα
  • Dhimérsaprolα
  • Fomépizolα
  • Édhétat kalsiyum sodhiyumα
  • Saksimerα

Usada antikonvulsi besut

  • Karbamazépin
  • Dhiazépam
  • Lorazépam
  • Sulfat magnésiyum[cathetan 5]
  • Fénobarbital
  • Fénitoin
  • Asem valporat (valporat sodhiyum)
  • Éthosuksimidα

Usada antiinfèksi besut

Antihèlmintik (obat cacing) besut

Antihèlmintik usus besut

 
Modhèl rangka struktur kimiyané albèndhazol
  • Albèndhazol
  • Lévamisol
  • Mébéndhazol
  • Niklosamid
  • Prazikuwantèl
  • Prantèl

Antifilarial besut

  • Albéndhazol
  • Dhiètilkarbamazin
  • Ivèrmèktin

Antiskistosomal lan usada antinématod liyané besut

  • Prazikuwantèl
  • Triklabéndhazol
  • Oksamnikuwinα

Antibiotik besut

Usada béta laktam besut

Antibaktèri liyané besut

  • Azitromisin[cathetan 12]
  • Kloramfénisol
  • Siprofloksasin
  • Klaritromisin[cathetan 13]
  • Dhoksisiklin
  • Èritromisin
  • Géntamisin
  • Métronidhazol
  • Nitrofurantoin
  • Spèktinomisin
  • Trimétoprim/sulfamétoksazol
  • Trimétoprim
  • Slindhamisinα
  • Vankomisinα

Usada antilèprosi besut

  • Klofazimin
  • Dhapson
  • Rifampisin

Usada antituberkulosis besut

 
Pure crystals of ethambutol
  • Étambutol
  • Étambutol/isoniazid (étambutol + isoniazid)
  • Étambutol/isoniazid/pirazinamid/rifampisin (étambutol + isoniazid + pirazinamid + rifampisin)
  • Étambutol/isoniazid/rifampisin (étambutol + isoniazid + rifampisin)
  • Isoniazid
  • Isoniazid/pirazinamid/rifampisin (isoniazid + pirazinamid + rifampisin)
  • Isoniazid/rifampicin (isoniazid + rifampisin)
  • Pirazinamid
  • Rifabutin[cathetan 14]
  • Rifampisin
  • Rifapèntin[cathetan 15]
  • Amikasinα
  • Bédhakuwilinα
  • Kapréomisinα
  • Siklosérinα[cathetan 16]
  • Dhélamanidα
  • Ètionamidα[cathetan 17]
  • Kanamisinα
  • Lévofloksasinα[cathetan 18]
  • Linézolidα
  • Asem p-aminosalisilikα
  • Strèptomisinα

Usada antijamur besut

  • Amfotérisin B
  • Klotrimazol
  • Flukonazol
  • Flusitosin
  • Griséofulvin
  • Nistatin
  • Iodid potasiyumα

Usada antivirus besut

Usada antihèrpes besut

  • Asiklovir

Antirétrovirus besut

Inhibitor transkriptase balik nukléyosid/nukléyotid besut
  • Abakavir (ABC)
  • Lamivudhin (3TC)
  • Stavudhin (d4T)
  • Fumarat dhisoproksil ténofovir (TDF)
  • Zidhovudhin (ZDV or AZT)
Inhibitor transkriptase balik non-nukléyosid besut
  • Efavirenz (EGV or EFZ)
  • Nevirapine (NVP)
Inhibitor protase besut
 
Two capsules of atazanavir
  • Atazanavir
  • Darunavir
  • Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)
  • Ritonavir
  • Saquinavir (SQV)
Gabungan dhosis ajeg besut
  • Abacavir/lamivudine (abacavir + lamivudine)
  • Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir[cathetan 19]
  • Emtricitabine/tenofovir
  • Lamivudine/nevirapine/stavudine
  • Lamivudine/nevirapine/zidovudine
  • Lamivudine/zidovudine
Antivirus liyané besut

Usada antihépatitis besut

Usada tumrap hépatitis B besut

Inhibitor transkriptase walik nukléosid/nukléotid

  • Èntekavir
  • Fumarat dhisoproksil ténofovir (TDF)
Usada tumrap hépatitis C besut

Inhibitor polimérase nukléotid

  • Sofosbuvir

Inhibitor protéase

  • Simeprévir

Inhibitor NS5A

  • Dhaklatasvir

Inhibitor polimérase non-nukléosid

  • Dhasabuvir

Antivirus liyané

Gabungan dhosis ajeg

  • Lédhipasvir/sofosbuvir
  • Ombitasvir/paritaprévir/ritonavir

Usada antiprotozoa besut

Usada antiamoéba lan antigiardhiasis besut

  • Dhiloksanid
  • Métronidhazol

Usada antiléismaniasis besut

  • Amfotérisin B
  • Miltéfosin
  • Paromomisin
  • Stiboglukonat sodhium utawa antimoniat méglumin

Usada antimalaria besut

Minangka tamba kuratif besut
Kanggo panyegah besut

Usada antipnéumosistosis lan antitoksoplasmosis besut

  • Pyrimethamine
  • Sulfadiazine
  • Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim
  • Pentamidineα

Usada antitripanosom besut

Tripanosomiasis afrika besut
Tataran angka 1 besut
Tataran angka 2 besut
Tripanosomiasis amérika besut
  • Benznidazole
  • Nifurtimox

Usaga antimigrèn besut

Serangan akut besut

  • Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin)
  • Ibuprofen
  • Paracetamol

Panyegah besut

  • Propranolol

Antinéoplastik lan imunosuprèsif besut

Usada imunosuprèsif besut

  • Azathioprineα
  • Ciclosporinα

Usada adjuvan lan sitotoksik besut

  • All-trans retinoic acid (trétinoin)α
  • Allopurinolα
  • Asparaginaseα
  • Bendamustineα
  • Bleomycinα
  • Calcium folinateα
  • Capecitabineα
  • Carboplatinα
  • Chlorambucilα
  • Cisplatinα
  • Cyclophosphamideα
  • Cytarabineα
  • Dacarbazineα
  • Dactinomycinα
  • Daunorubicinα
  • Docetaxelα
  • Doxorubicinα
  • Etoposideα
  • Fludarabineα
  • Fluorouracilα
  • Filgrastimα
  • Gemcitabineα
  • Hydroxycarbamideα
  • Ifosfamideα
  • Imatinibα
  • Irinotecanα
  • Mercaptopurineα
  • Mesnaα
  • Methotrexateα
  • Oxaliplatinα
  • Paclitaxelα
  • Procarbazineα
  • Rituximabα
  • Thioguanineα
  • Trastuzumabα
  • Vinblastineα
  • Vincristineα
  • Vinorelbineα

Hormon lan antihormon besut

  • Anastrozoleα
  • Bicalutamideα
  • Dexamethasoneα
  • Hydrocortisoneα
  • Leuprorelinα
  • Methylprednisoloneα
  • Prednisoloneα
  • Tamoxifenα

Usada antiparkinson besut

  • Biperiden
  • Carbidopa/levodopa (levodopa + carbidopa)

Usada sing mrabawani getih besut

Usada antianémia besut

  • Ferrous salt
  • Ferrous salt/folic acid
  • Folic acid
  • Hydroxocobalamin

Usada sing njalari koagulasi besut

  • Enoxaparin
  • Heparin sodium
  • Phytomenadione
  • Protamine sulfate
  • Tranexamic acid
  • Warfarin
  • Desmopressinα

Usada liyané tumrap hémoglobinopati besut

Wetoné getih lan gegantèn plasma sing asalé saka manungsa besut

Getih lan komponèn getih besut

 
Bag containing one unit of fresh frozen plasma
  • Fresh frozen plasma
  • Platelet concentrates
  • Packed red blood cells
  • Whole blood

Usada tumurun saka plasma besut

Imunoglobulin manungsa besut

  • Rho(D) immune globulin
  • Anti-rabies immunoglobulin
  • Anti-tetanus immunoglobulin
  • Human normal immunoglobulinα

Faktor koagulasi getih besut

  • Coagulation factor VIIIα
  • Coagulation factor IXα

Gantiné plasma besut

Usada kardhiovaskular besut

Usada antiangina besut

  • Bisoprolol[cathetan 42]
  • Glyceryl trinitrate
  • Isosorbide dinitrate
  • Verapamil

Usada antiaritmik besut

  • Bisoprolol
  • Digoxin
  • Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • Lidocaine
  • Verapamil
  • Amiodaroneα

Usada antihipertènsi besut

Usada tumrap gagal jantung besut

  • Bisoprolol
  • Digoxin
  • Enalapril
  • Furosemide
  • Hydrochlorothiazide
  • Spironolactone
  • Dopamineα

Usada antitrombotik besut

Usada antiplatelèt besut

  • Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
  • Clopidogrel

Usada trombolitik besut

  • Streptokinaseα

Agèn pangasor lipid besut

Dhèrmatologis (topikal) besut

Usada antijamur besut

  • Miconazole
  • Selenium sulfide
  • Sodium thiosulfate
  • Terbinafine

Usada antiinfèksi besut

  • Mupirocin
  • Potassium permanganate
  • Silver sulfadiazine

Usada antiinflamasi lan antipruritik besut

  • Betamethasone
  • Calamine
  • Hydrocortisone

Usada sing mrabawani diferensiasi lan proliferasi kulit besut

  • Benzoyl peroxide
  • Coal tar
  • Fluorouracil
  • Podophyllum resin
  • Salicylic acid
  • Urea

Skabisid lan pédikulisid besut

  • Benzyl benzoate
  • Permethrin

Agèn dhiagnostik besut

Usada optalmik besut

  • Fluorescein
  • Tropicamide

Médhia radhiokontras besut

  • Amidotrizoate
  • Barium sulfate
  • Iohexol
  • Meglumine iotroxateα

Dhisinfèktan lan antisèptik besut

Antisèptik besut

  • Chlorhexidine
  • Ethanol
  • Povidone iodine

Dhisinfèktan besut

  • Alcohol based hand rub
  • Chlorine base compound
  • Chloroxylenol
  • Glutaral

Dhiurètik besut

  • Amiloride
  • Furosemide
  • Hydrochlorothiazide
  • Mannitol
  • Spironolactone

Usada gastrointèstinal besut

  • Pancreatic enzymesα

Usada antiulkus besut

  • Omeprazole
  • Ranitidine

Usada antimutah besut

  • Dexamethasone
  • Metoclopramide
  • Ondansetron

Usada antiinflamasi besut

  • Sulfasalazine
  • Hydrocortisoneα

Laksatif besut

  • Senna

Usada tumrap dhiaré besut

Réhidrasi oral besut

  • Oral rehydration salts

Usada tumrap dhiaré ing bocah besut

Hormon, usada éndhokrin liyané, lan kontrasèpsi besut

Hormon adrénal lan gegantèn sintètik besut

  • Fludrocortisone
  • Hydrocortisone

Androgèn besut

  • Testosteroneα

Kontrasèpsi besut

Kontrasèpsi hormonal oral besut

  • Ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel
  • Ethinylestradiol/norethisterone
  • Levonorgestrel

Kontrasèpsi hormonal suntik besut

  • Estradiol cypionate/medroxyprogesterone acetate
  • Medroxyprogesterone acetate
  • Norethisterone enantate

Piranti intrauterus besut

  • IUD with copper
  • IUD with progestogen

Metodhe palang besut

  • Condoms
  • Diaphragms

Kontrasèpsi implan besut

  • Etonogestrel—releasing implant
  • Levonorgestrel—releasing implant

Kontrasèpsi intravagina besut

  • Progesterone vaginal ring

Insulin lan usada liyané tumrap dhiabètes besut

  • Gliclazide[cathetan 47]
  • Glucagon
  • Insulin injection (soluble)
  • Intermediate-acting insulin
  • Metformin

Indhuser ovulasi besut

  • Clomifeneα

Progèstogèn besut

  • Medroxyprogesterone acetate

Hormon tiroid lan usada antitiroid besut

  • Levothyroxine
  • Potassium iodide
  • Propylthiouracil
  • Lugol's solutionα

Usada imunologi besut

Agèn dhiagnostik besut

  • Tuberculin, purified protéin derivative (PPD)

Séra lan usada imunoglobulin besut

Vaksin besut

 
A vial of oral cholera vaccine
  • BCG vaccine
  • Cholera vaccine[cathetan 49]
  • Diphtheria vaccine
  • Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine
  • Hepatitis A vaccine
  • Hepatitis B vaccine
  • HPV vaccine
  • Influenza vaccine
  • Japanese encephalitis vaccine[cathetan 50]
  • Measles vaccine
  • Meningococcal meningitis vaccine
  • Mumps vaccine
  • Pertussis vaccine
  • Pneumococcal vaccine
  • Poliomyelitis vaccine
  • Rabies vaccine
  • Rotavirus vaccine
  • Rubella vaccine
  • Tetanus vaccine
  • Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine
  • Typhoid vaccine
  • Varicella vaccine
  • Yellow fever vaccine

Panglemes otot (tumindak pèrifèr) lan kolinèstérase besut

  • Atracurium
  • Neostigmine
  • Suxamethonium
  • Vecuronium
  • Pyridostigmineα

Pangupakara nétra besut

Agèn antiinfèksi besut

  • Aciclovir
  • Azithromycin
  • Gentamicin
  • Ofloxacin
  • Tetracycline

Agèn antiinflamasi besut

  • Prednisolone

Anèstètik enggon-enggonan besut

  • Tetracaine

Usada miotik lan antiglaukoma besut

  • Acetazolamide
  • Latanoprost
  • Pilocarpine
  • Timolol

Usada midriatik besut

Faktor tuwuhé éndhotélial antivaskular (VEGF) besut

  • Bevacizumabα

Usada oksitosik lan antioksitosik besut

Usada oksitosik lan abortifasièn besut

  • Ergometrine
  • Misoprostol
  • Oxytocin
  • Mifepristone used with misoprostolα[cathetan 52]

Usada antioksitosik (tokolitik) besut

  • Nifedipine

Solusi dhialisis péritonéal besut

  • Intraperitoneal dialysis solution (of appropriate composition)α

Usada tumrap gangguan pikir lan patrap besut

Usada tumrap gangguan psikotik besut

  • Chlorpromazine
  • Fluphenazine
  • Haloperidol
  • Risperidone
  • Clozapineα

Usada tumrap gangguan swasana ati besut

Usada tumrap gangguan dhéprèsif besut

  • Amitriptyline
  • Fluoxetine

Usada tumrap gangguan bipolar besut

  • Carbamazepine
  • Lithium
  • Valproic acid (sodium valproate)

Usada tumrap gangguan pangrudatin besut

  • Diazepam

Usada tumrap gangguan obsèsif kompulsif besut

  • Clomipramine

Usada tumrap gangguan amarga panganggoné dat psikoaktif besut

  • Nicotine replacement therapy
  • Methadoneα

Usada sing tumindak ing saluran ambegan besut

Antiasma lan usada tumrap lelara paru-paru obstuktif kronik besut

  • Beclometasone
  • Budesonide
  • Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • Ipratropium bromide
  • Salbutamol (albuterol)

Larudan kanggo ndandani gangguan banyu, èlèktrolit, lan asem-basa besut

Oral besut

  • Oral rehydration salts
  • Potassium chloride

Parèntéral besut

  • Glucose
  • Glucose with sodium chloride
  • Potassium chloride
  • Sodium chloride
  • Sodium hydrogen carbonate
  • Sodium lactate, compound solution

Liya-liyané besut

  • Water for injection

Vitamin lan mineral besut

  • Ascorbic acid
  • Calcium
  • Cholecalciferol[cathetan 53]
  • Ergocalciferol
  • Iodine
  • Nicotinamide
  • Pyridoxine
  • Retinol
  • Riboflavin
  • Sodium fluoride
  • Thiamine
  • Calcium gluconateα

Usada kuping, irung, lan telak tumrap bocah besut

  • Acetic acid
  • Budesonide
  • Ciprofloxacin
  • Xylometazoline

Usada mirunggan tumrap pangrumat néonatal besut

Usada kawènèhaké marang néonatus besut

  • Caffeine citrate
  • Chlorhexidine
  • Ibuprofenα
  • Prostaglandin Eα
    • Prostaglandin E1
    • Prostaglandin E2
  • Surfactantα

Usada kawènèhaé marang ibu besut

  • Dexamethasone

Usada tumrap lelara gegelan besut

Usada tumrap éncok besut

Agèn modhifikasi lelara ing gangguan réumatoid besut

  • Chloroquine
  • Azathioprineα
  • Hydroxychloroquineα
  • Methotrexateα
  • Penicillamineα
  • Sulfasalazineα

Lelara gegelan ing bocah enom besut

Cathetan besut

^ An α indicates the medicine is only on the complementary list. For these items specialized diagnostic or monitoring or specialist training are needed. An item may also be listed as complementary on the basis of higher costs or a less attractive cost-benefit ratio.[3]
  1. ↑ Thiopental may be used as an alternative depending on local availability and cost.
  2. ↑ Not recommended for anti‐inflammatory use due to lack of proven benefit to that effect
  3. ↑ Alternatives limited to hydromorphone and oxycodone
  4. ↑ There may be a role for sedating antihistamines for limited indications (EMLc).
  5. ↑ For use in eclampsia and severe pre‐eclampsia and not for other convulsant disorders
  6. ↑ For surgical prophylaxis
  7. ↑ Only listed for single‐dose treatment of uncomplicated ano‐genital gonorrhoea
  8. ↑ Do not administer with calcium and avoid in infants with hyperbilirubinemia.
  9. ↑ Procaine benzylpenicillin is not recommended as first-line treatment for neonatal sepsis except in settings with high neonatal mortality, when given by trained health workers in cases where hospital care is not achievable.
  10. ↑ Third generation cephalosporin of choice for use in hospitalized neonates
  11. ↑ Only listed for the treatment of life‐threatening hospital‐based infection due to suspected or proven multidrug‐resistant infection
  12. ↑ Only listed for single‐dose treatment of genital Chlamydia trachomatis and of trachoma
  13. ↑ For use in combination regimens for eradication of H. pylori in adults
  14. ↑ For use only in patients with HIV receiving protease inhibitors
  15. ↑ For treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI) only
  16. ↑ Terizidone may be an alternative.
  17. ↑ Prothionamide may be an alternative.
  18. ↑ Ofloxacin and moxifloxacin may be alternatives based on availability and programme considerations.
  19. ↑ FTC is an acceptable alternative to 3TC, based on knowledge of the pharmacology, the resistance patterns and clinical trials of antiretrovirals.
  20. ↑ Potentially severe or complicated illness due to confirmed or suspected influenza virus infection in accordance with WHO treatment guidelines
  21. ↑ For the treatment of viral haemorrhagic fevers and in combination with pegylated interferons for the treatment of Hepatitis C
  22. ↑ For the treatment of hepatitis C, in combination with peginterferon or direct acting anti-viral medicines
  23. ↑ To be used in combination with ribavirin
  24. ↑ To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg
  25. ↑ For use in the management of severe malaria
  26. ↑ Not recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy or in children below 5 kg
  27. ↑ To be used in combination with either amodiaquine, mefloquine or sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine
  28. ↑ Other combinations that deliver the target doses required such as 153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride) with 50 mg artesunate can be alternatives.
  29. ↑ For use only for the treatment of P.vivax infection
  30. ↑ For use only in combination with quinine
  31. ↑ Only for use to achieve radical cure of P.vivax and P.ovale infections, given for 14 days
  32. ↑ For use only in the management of severe malaria, and should be used in combination with doxycycline
  33. ↑ Only in combination with artesunate 50 mg
  34. ↑ For use only in central American regions, for use for P.vivax
  35. ↑ For use only in combination with chloroquine
  36. ↑ To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection
  37. ↑ To be used for the treatment of the initial phase of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection
  38. ↑ To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection
  39. ↑ Only to be used in combination with eflornithine, for the treatment of T. b. gambiense infection
  40. ↑ Deferasirox oral form may be an alternative, depending on cost and availability.
  41. ↑ Polygeline, injectable solution, 3.5% is considered as equivalent.
  42. ↑ Includes metoprolol and carvedilol as alternatives
  43. ↑ Hydralazine is listed for use in the acute management of severe pregnancy‐induced hypertension only.
  44. ↑ Methyldopa is listed for use in the management of pregnancy‐induced hypertension only.
  45. ↑ For use in high‐risk patients
  46. ↑ In acute diarrhoea, zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct to oral rehydration salts
  47. ↑ Glibenclamide not suitable above 60 years
  48. ↑ Exact type to be defined locally
  49. ↑ Recommended for some high-risk populations
  50. ↑ Recommended for certain regions
  51. ↑ Or homatropine (hydrobromide) or cyclopentolate (hydrochloride)
  52. ↑ Requires close medical supervision
  53. ↑ Ergocalciferol can be used as an alternative.
  54. ↑ For use for rheumatic fever, juvenile arthritis, Kawasaki disease

Rujukan besut

  1. ↑ a b c "Essential medicines". World Health Organization. Dibukak ing 19 Januari 2017.
  2. ↑ "The WHO Essential Medicines List (EML): 30th anniversary". World Health Organization. Dibukak ing 26 Juni 2016.
  3. ↑ a b c "19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (pdf). who.int. World Health Organization. April 2015. kc. Annex 1. Dibukak ing 17 Januari 2017.
  4. ↑ a b Bansal, D; Purohit, VK (January 2013). "Accessibility and use of essential medicines in health care: Current progress and challenges in India". Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics. 4 (1): 13–8. doi:10.4103/0976-500X.107642. PMC 3643337. PMID 23662019.
  5. ↑ "The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines - WHO Technical Report Series, No. 920: 5. Reviews of sections of the Model List: 5.2 Review of core versus complementary listing of medicines". apps.who.int. 2003. Dibukak ing 6 Maret 2017.
  6. ↑ Beall, Reed (2016). "Patents and the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (18th Edition): Clarifying the Debate on IP and Access" (PDF). WIPO. Dibukak ing 3 Mèi 2017.
  7. ↑ Wirtz, VJ; Hogerzeil, HV; Gray, AL; Bigdeli, M; de Joncheere, CP; et al. (28 Januari 2017). "Essential medicines for universal health coverage". The Lancet. 389 (10067): 403–476. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31599-9. PMID 27832874.
  8. ↑ a b c "WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines". World Health Organization. Dibukak ing 17 Januari 2017.
  9. ↑ Prakash, B; Nadig, P; Nayak, A (2016). "Rational Prescription for a Dermatologist". Indian Journal of Dermatology. 61 (1): 32–8. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.174017. PMC 4763692. PMID 26955092.
  10. ↑ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children 5th List" (PDF). who.int. World Health Organization. August 2015. Dibukak ing 17 Januari 2017.
  11. ↑ Rose, K; Anker, JNVd (2010). Guide to Paediatric Drug Development and Clinical Research (ing basa Inggris). Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. kc. 42. ISBN 9783805593625.
  12. ↑ Seyberth, HW; Rane, A; Schwab, M (2011). Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology (ing basa Inggris). Springer Science & Business Media. kc. 358. ISBN 9783642201950.
  13. ↑ Kalle, H (9 Fèbruari 2017). "Essential Medicines for Children". Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. doi:10.1002/cpt.661. PMID 28182281.

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