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X-SAMPA

Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) iku swawijining varian saka SAMPA sing kasusun ing taun 1995 déning John C. Wells, profèsor fonètik ing Universitas London. X-SAMPA dirancang kanggp nyawijèkaké aksara SAMPA, lan ngembangaké SAMPA supaya nyakup kabèh karakter sajeroning International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Asilé wujud IPA 7-bit ASCII sing kainspirasi déning SAMPA.

Simbul aksara cilik

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X-SAMPA IPA IPA gambar Katrangan Conto
a a open front unrounded vowel Basa Prancis dame [dam], Spanish padre ["paD4e]
b b voiced bilabial plosive Basa Inggris bed [bEd], Basa Prancis bon [bO~]
b_< ɓ voiced bilabial implosive Basa Sindhi ɓarʊ [b_<arU]
c c voiceless palatal plosive Basa Honggari latyak ["lQcQk]
d d voiced alveolar plosive Basa Inggris dig [dIg], Basa Prancis doigt [dwa]
d` ɖ voiced retroflex plosive Basa Swèdhen hord [hu:d`]
d_< ɗ voiced alveolar implosive Basa Sindhi ɗarʊ [d_<arU]
e e close-mid front unrounded vowel Basa Prancis ses [se], Basa Inggris met [met] (AusE and NZE)
f f voiceless labiodental fricative Basa Inggris five [faIv], Basa Prancis femme [fam]
g ɡ voiced velar plosive Basa Inggris game [geIm], Basa Prancis longue [lO~g]
g_< ɠ voiced velar implosive Basa Sindhi ɠəro [g_<@ro]
h h voiceless glottal fricative Basa Inggris house [haUs]
h\ ɦ voiced glottal fricative Czech hrad [h\rat]
i i close front unrounded vowel Basa Inggris be [bi:], Basa Prancis oui [wi], Spanish si [si]
j j palatal approximant Basa Inggris yes [jEs], Basa Prancis yeux [j2]
j\ ʝ voiced palatal fricative Basa Yunani γειά [j\a]
k k voiceless velar plosive Basa Inggris scat [sk{t], Spanish carro ["kar:o]
l l alveolar lateral approximant Basa Inggris lay [leI], Basa Prancis mal [mal]
l` ɭ retroflex lateral approximant Svealand Basa Swèdhen sorl [so:l`]
l\ ɺ alveolar lateral flap Basa Jepang phoneme /r/
m m bilabial nasal Basa Inggris mouse [maUs], Basa Prancis homme [Om]
n n alveolar nasal Basa Inggris nap [n{p], Basa Prancis non [nO~]
n` ɳ retroflex nasal Basa Swèdhen hörn [h2:n`]
o o close-mid back rounded vowel Basa Prancis gros [gRo]
p p voiceless bilabial plosive Basa Inggris speak [spik], Basa Prancis pose [poz], Spanish perro ["per:o]
p\ ɸ voiceless bilabial fricative Basa Jepang fuku [p\M_0kM]
q q voiceless uvular plosive Arabic qasbah ["qQs_Gba]
r r alveolar trill Spanish perro ["per:o]
r` ɽ retroflex flap  
r\ ɹ alveolar approximant Basa Inggris red [r\Ed]
r\` ɻ retroflex approximant Malayalam വഴി ["v6r\`i]
s s voiceless alveolar fricative Basa Inggris seem [si:m], Basa Prancis session [se"sjO~]
s` ʂ voiceless retroflex fricative Basa Swèdhen mars [mas`]
s\ ɕ voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative Basa Polski świerszcz [s\v'erStS]
t t voiceless alveolar plosive Basa Inggris stew [stju:], Basa Prancis raté [Ra"te], Spanish tuyo ["tujo]
t` ʈ voiceless retroflex plosive Basa Swèdhen mört [m2t`]
u u close back rounded vowel Basa Inggris boom [bu:m], Spanish su [su]
v v voiced labiodental fricative Basa Inggris vest [vEst], Basa Prancis voix [vwa]
v\ (or P) ʋ labiodental approximant Dutch west [v\Est]/[PEst]
w w labial-velar approximant Basa Inggris west [wEst], Basa Prancis oui [wi]
x x voiceless velar fricative Scots loch [lOx]; German Buch, Dach; Spanish caja, gestión
x\ ɧ voiceless palatal-velar fricative Basa Swèdhen sjal [x\A:l]
y y close front rounded vowel Basa Prancis tu [ty] German über ["y:b6]
z z voiced alveolar fricative Basa Inggris zoo [zu:], Basa Prancis azote [a"zOt]
z` ʐ voiced retroflex fricative Mandarin Chinese rang [z`aN]
z\ ʑ voiced alveolo-palatal fricative Basa Polski źrebak ["z\rEbak]

Simbul aksara gedhé

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X-SAMPA IPA IPA gambar Katrangan Conto
A ɑ open back unrounded vowel Basa Inggris father ["fA:D@(r\)] (RP and Gen.Am.)
B β voiced bilabial fricative Spanish lavar [la"Ba4]
B\ ʙ bilabial trill Reminiscent of shivering ("brrr")
C ç voiceless palatal fricative German ich [IC], Basa Inggris human ["Cjum@n] (broad transcription uses [hj-])
D ð voiced dental fricative Basa Inggris then [DEn]
E ɛ open-mid front unrounded vowel Basa Prancis même [mEm], Basa Inggris met [mEt] (RP and Gen.Am.)
F ɱ labiodental nasal Basa Inggris emphasis ["EFf@sIs] (spoken quickly, otherwise uses [Emf-])
G ɣ voiced velar fricative Basa Yunani γωνία [Go"nia], Danish vælge ["vElG@]
G\ ɢ voiced uvular plosive Inuktitut nirivvik [niG\ivvik]
G\_< ʛ voiced uvular implosive Mam ʛa [G\_<a]
H ɥ labial-palatal approximant Basa Prancis huit [Hit]
H\ ʜ voiceless epiglottal fricative  
I ɪ near-close near-front unrounded vowel Basa Inggris kit [kIt]
I\ ᵻ or ɪ̈   near-close central unrounded vowel Basa Polski ryba [rI\bA] 
J ɲ palatal nasal Spanish año ["aJo], Basa Inggris canyon ["k{J@n] (broad transcription uses [-nj-])
J\ ɟ voiced palatal plosive Basa Honggari egy [EJ\]
J\_< ʄ voiced palatal implosive Basa Sindhi ʄaro [J\_<aro]
K ɬ voiceless alveolar lateral fricative Welsh llaw [KaU]
K\ ɮ voiced alveolar lateral fricative  
L ʎ palatal lateral approximant Italian famiglia [fa"miLa], Castilian llamar [La"mar], Basa Inggris million ["mIL@n] (broad transcription uses [-lj-])
L\ ʟ velar lateral approximant
M ɯ close back unrounded vowel Korean 으 (eu)
M\ ɰ velar approximant Spanish fuego ["fweM\o]
N ŋ velar nasal Basa Inggris thing [TIN]
N\ ɴ uvular nasal Basa Jepang san [saN\]
O ɔ open-mid back rounded vowel RP thought [TO:t], American Basa Inggris off [O:f]
O\ ʘ bilabial click  
P (or v\) ʋ labiodental approximant Dutch west [PEst]/[v\Est], allophone of Basa Inggris phoneme /r\/
Q ɒ open back rounded vowel RP lot [lQt]
R ʁ voiced uvular fricative German rein [RaIn]
R\ ʀ uvular trill Basa Prancis roi [R\wa]
S ʃ voiceless postalveolar fricative Basa Inggris ship [SIp]
T θ voiceless dental fricative Basa Inggris thin [TIn]
U ʊ near-close near-back rounded vowel Basa Inggris foot [fUt]
U\ ᵿ or ʊ̈ near-close central rounded vowel Basa Inggris euphoria [jU\"fO@r\i@]
V ʌ open-mid back unrounded vowel RP Basa Inggris strut [str\Vt]
W ʍ voiceless labial-velar fricative Scots when [WEn]
X χ voiceless uvular fricative Klallam sχaʔqʷaʔ [sXa?q_wa?]
X\ ħ voiceless pharyngeal fricative Arabic <ح>ha’ [X\A:]
Y ʏ near-close near-front rounded vowel German hübsch [hYpS]
Z ʒ voiced postalveolar fricative Basa Inggris vision ["vIZ@n]

Sibul liya

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X-SAMPA IPA IPA gambar Katrangan Conto
. . syllable break  
" ˈ primary stress  
% ˌ secondary stress  
' (or _j) ʲ palatalized  
: ː long  
:\ ˑ half long Estonian differentiates three vowel lengths
-   separator Basa Polski trzy [t-S1] vs. czy [tS1] (affricate)
@ ə schwa Basa Inggris arena [@"r\i:n@]
@\ ɘ close-mid central unrounded vowel Paicĩ kɘ̄ɾɘ [k@\_M4@\_M]
{ æ near-open front unrounded vowel Basa Inggris trap [tr\{p]
} ʉ close central rounded vowel Basa Swèdhen sju [x\}:]; AuE/NZE boot [b}:t]
1 ɨ close central unrounded vowel Welsh tu [t1], American Basa Inggris rose's ["r\oUz1z]
2 ø close-mid front rounded vowel Danish købe ["k2:b@], Basa Prancis deux [d2]
3 ɜ open-mid central unrounded vowel Basa Inggris nurse [n3:s] (RP) or [n3`s] (Gen.Am.)
3\ ɞ open-mid central rounded vowel Irish tomhail[t3\:l']
4 ɾ alveolar flap Spanish pero ["pe4o], American Basa Inggris better ["bE4@`]
5 ɫ velarized alveolar lateral approximant; also see _e Basa Inggris milk [mI5k]
6 ɐ near-open central vowel German besser ["bEs6], Australian Basa Inggris mud [m6d]
7 ɤ close-mid back unrounded vowel Estonian kõik [k7ik], Vietnamese mơ [m7_M]
8 ɵ close-mid central rounded vowel Basa Swèdhen buss [b8s]
9 œ open-mid front rounded vowel Basa Prancis neuf [n9f], Danish drømme [dR9m@]
& ɶ open front rounded vowel Basa Swèdhen skörd [x\&d`]
? ʔ glottal stop Danish stød [sd2?], Cockney Basa Inggris bottle ["bQ?l]
?\ ʕ voiced pharyngeal fricative Arabic ع‎ (`ayn) [?\Ajn]
*   undefined escape character, SAMPA's "conjunctor"  
/   indeterminacy in Basa Prancis vowels  
<   begin nonsegmental notation (e.g., SAMPROSA)  
<\ ʢ voiced epiglottal fricative  
>   end nonsegmental notation  
>\ ʡ epiglottal plosive  
^ ↑ upstep  
! ↓ downstep  
!\ ǃ postalveolar click  
| | minor (foot) group  
|\ ǀ dental click  
|| ‖ major (intonation) group  
|\|\ ǁ alveolar lateral click  
=\ ǂ palatal click  
-\ ‿ linking mark  

Diakritik

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X-SAMPA IPA IPA gambar Katrangan
_"   ̈ centralized
_+   ̟ advanced
_-   ̠ retracted
_/ ˇ rising tone
_0   ̥ voiceless
_<   implosive (IPA uses separate symbols for implosives)
= (or _=)   ̩ syllabic
_> ʼ ejective
_?\ ˤ pharyngealized
_\ ˆ   falling tone
_^   ̯ non-syllabic
_}   ̚ no audible release
` ˞ rhotacization in vowels, retroflexion in consonants (IPA uses separate symbols for consonants, see t` for an example)
~ (or _~)   ̃ nasalization
_A   ̘ advanced tongue root
_a   ̺ apical
_B   ̏ extra low tone
_B_L  ᷅ low rising tone
_c   ̜ less rounded
_d   ̪ dental
_e   ̴ velarized or pharyngealized; also see 5
<F> global fall
_F   ̂ falling tone
_G ˠ velarized
_H   ́ high tone
_H_T  ᷄ high rising tone
_h ʰ aspirated
_j (or ') ʲ palatalized
_k   ̰ creaky voice
_L   ̀ low tone
_l ˡ lateral release
_M   ̄ mid tone
_m   ̻ laminal
_N   ̼ linguolabial
_n ⁿ nasal release
_O   ̹ more rounded
_o   ̞ lowered
_q   ̙ retracted tongue root
<R> global rise
_R   ̌ rising tone
_R_F  ᷈ rising falling tone
_r   ̝ raised
_T   ̋ extra high tone
_t   ̤ breathy voice
_v   ̬ voiced
_w ʷ labialized
_X   ̆ extra-short
_x   ̽ mid-centralized

Bagan

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Konsonan

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Consonants (pulmonic)
Place of articulation → Labial Coronal Dorsal Radical (none)
Manner of articulation ↓ Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post‐
alveolar 		Retro‐
flex 		Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn-geal Epi‐
glottal 		Glottal
Nasal    m    F    n    n`    J    N    N\  
Plosive p b p_d b_d t d t` d` c J\ k g q G\   >\ ?  
Fricative p\ B f v T D s z S Z s` z` C j\ x G X R X\ ?\ H\ <\ h h\
Approximant    B_o    v\    r\    r\`    j    M\      
Trill    B\    r    *    R\    *  
Tap or Flap    *†    *†    4    r`          *  
Lateral Fricative K K\ *    *    *       
Lateral Approximant    l    l`    L    L\  
Lateral Flap      l\    *    *    *    
  • Daggers (†) mark IPA symbols that have recently been added to Unicode. Since April 2008, this is the case of the labiodental flap, symbolized by a right-hook v in the IPA:   A dedicated symbol for the labiodental flap does not yet exist in X-SAMPA.
Coarticulated
W Voiceless labialized velar approximant
w Voiced labialized velar approximant
H Voiced labialized palatal approximant
s\ Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative
z\ Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative
x\ Voiceless "palatal-velar" fricative
Affricates and double articulation
ts voiceless alveolar affricate
dz voiced alveolar affricate
tS voiceless postalveolar affricate
dZ voiced postalveolar affricate
ts\ voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
dz\ voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
tK voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
kp voiceless labial-velar plosive
gb voiced labial-velar plosive
Nm labial-velar nasal (stop)
Consonants (non-pulmonic)
Clicks Implosives Ejectives
O\ Bilabial b_< Bilabial _> For example:
|\ Laminal alveolar ("dental") d_< Alveolar p_> Bilabial
! Apical (post-) alveolar ("retroflex") J\_< Palatal t_> Alveolar
=\ Laminal postalveolar ("palatal") g_< Velar k_> Velar
|\|\ Lateral coronal ("lateral") G\_< Uvular s_> Alveolar fricative

Vokal

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Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close
 
i • y
1 • }
M • u
I • Y
I\ • U\
• U
e • 2
@\ • 8
7 • o
@
E • 9
3 • 3\
V • O
{ •
6
a • &
A • Q
Near‑close
Close‑mid
Mid
Open‑mid
Near‑open
Open

Uga delengen

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Rujukan

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Pranala njaba

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Cithakan:IPA navigation

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