Basa Afrikaans: Béda antara owahan

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{{Infobox language
| name = Basa Afrikaans
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| notice=IPA
}}
 
'''Afrikaans''' iku salah sawijining basa Jermanik Kulon sing dipituturaké ing negara [[Afrika Kidul]], [[Namibia]] lan, kanthi cacah panyatur luwih sithik, ing negara [[Botswana]] lan [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwé]].
 
Baris 38 ⟶ 36:
 
Gunggungé panyatur basa Afrikaans ana kira-kira wong 15 nganti 23 yuta.
 
 
==Sejarah==
 
===Asal Usul===
Basa Afrikaans Tmula ana ing Koloni Landa ing laladan Cape (Tanjung), lumantar nyempal saka dhialèk Landa Eropa, sajroning abad 18.<ref name="omniglot.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/afrikaans.htm |title=Afrikaans |work=Omniglot |accessdate=22 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/8437/Afrikaans-language |title=Afrikaans language |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |accessdate=22 September 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831105055/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/8437/Afrikaans-language|archivedate=31 August 2010 <!--DASHBot-->|deadurl=no }}</ref> Ing pramila abad 18 lan nganthi abad 20, Basa Afrikaans ing Basa Landa dianggep kanthi "kitchen language" utawa Basa Pawonan ({{lang-af|kombuistaal|links=no}}), lan kurang géngsiné, uga diarani basa ngisoré Basa Landa sing umum ''{{lang|nl|Kaaps Hollands}}'' ("Cape Dutch," i.e. Afrikaans) ''{{lang|nl|geradbraakt}}," ''{{lang|nl|gebroken}}'' anf ''{{lang|nl|onbeschaafd Hollands}}'' ("Basa Landa Ndhésa"), saliyané diarani ''{{lang|nl|verkeerd Nederlands}}'' ("Basa Landa Salah").<ref>Alatis, Hamilton, Ai-Hui Tan (2002). ''Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 2000: Linguistics, Language and the Professions: Education, Journalism, Law, Medicine, and Technology." Washington, DC: University Press. ISBN 978-0-87840-373-8, p. 132.</ref><ref>Keith Brown and Sarah Ogilvie, eds. (2008). ''Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World." Oxford, UK: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7, p. 8.</ref> Kira-kira 90 nganthi 95% tetembungan Basa Afrikaans mula saka Basa Landa,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIivedw-oZYC |title=Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics |accessdate=23 August 2008 |first=Rajend |last=Mesthrie |publisher=New Africa Books |page=214 |year=1995 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GeUUAAAAIAAJ |title=The Dutch Language: A Survey |page=132 |first=Pierre |last1=Brachin |first2=Paul |last2=Vincent |publisher=Brill Archive |accessdate=3 November 2008 |year=1985 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqaGb_SEQHUC |title=Language in South Africa |page=205 |accessdate=18 May 2010 |first=Rajend |last=Mesthrie |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2002 }}</ref> lan ana pambédha ing tetembungan antaraning rong basa iki; <ref>{{harvnb|Sebba|1997|p=161}}</ref> nanging Afrikaans ndhuwé morpologi sing luwih katon, <ref name="holm"/> paramasastra lan éjan.<ref name="sebba">{{cite book |ref=harv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRT_jZl39AMC |title=Contact languages: pidgins and creoles |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first=Mark |last=Sebba |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=1997 }}</ref> Ana tataran silihmangertèn utawa [[mutual intelligibility]] antara rong basa kasebut,<ref name="holm">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PcD7p9y3EIcC |title=Pidgins and Creoles: References survey |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first=John A. |last=Holm |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=338 |year=1989 }}</ref><ref name="baker">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgtSqB9oqDIC |title=Encyclopedia of bilingualism and bilingual education |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first1=Colin |last1=Baker |first2=Sylvia |last2=Prys Jones |publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd. |page=302 |year=1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zlUp5Xuc8C |title=Language change: contributions to the study of its causes |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first1=Leiv |last1=Egil Breivik |first2=Ernst |last2=Håkon Jahr |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |page=232 |year=1987 }}</ref> mligané ing panulisan.<ref name="sebba"/><ref name="sebba2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHgsfADZF9IC |title=Spelling and society: the culture and politics of orthography around the world |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first=Mark |last=Sebba |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2007 }}</ref><ref name="gooskens"/>
 
 
Basa Afrikaans olèh njupuk silihan tetembungan lan paramasastra saka basa-basa liyané kayata acquired [[Basa Melayu]], [[Basa Khoisan]], [[Basa Portugis]],<ref name="deumert">{{cite book |ref=harv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ciimg5gGqQC |title=Language Standardization and Language Change: The Dynamics of Cape Dutch |accessdate=10 November 2008 |work=Ana Deumert |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |year=2004 |page=22 }}</ref> lan [[Basa-basa Bantu]],<ref name="niesler">{{cite book |ref=harv |url=http://academic.sun.ac.za/su_clast/documents/SALALS2005.pdf |first1=Thomas |last1=Niesler |first2=Philippa |last2=Louw |first3=Justus |last3=Roux |year=2005 |title=Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases |journal=Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=459–474}}</ref> and Afrikaans has also been significantly influenced by [[South African English]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lycos.com/info/afrikaans--standard-afrikaans.html |title=Afrikaans: Standard Afrikaans |publisher=Lycos Retriever |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120182430/http://www.lycos.com/info/afrikaans--standard-afrikaans.html |archivedate=20 November 2011 }}</ref> Nanging, panyatur Basa Landa kerep ngadhepi luwih sithik kebingungan yèn ngrungokaké panyatur basa Afrikaans tinimbang kosok baliné. <ref name="gooskens"/><!--see page 460--> Silihpangertèn iki ora sepadan, amarga panyatur Basa Landa luwih isa reti Afrikaans tinimbang sewaliké.<ref name="gooskens">{{cite journal |url=http://www.let.rug.nl/gooskens/pdf/publ_JMMD_2007.pdf |title=The Contribution of Linguistic Factors to the Intelligibility of Closely Related Languages |first1=Charlotte |last1=Gooskens |journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development |volume=28 |issue=6 |date=November 2007 |pages=445–467 |publisher=[[University of Groningen]] |accessdate=19 May 2010 }}</ref><!--see page 464--> Biasané, silihpangertèn antaraning Landa lan Afrikaans luwih gedhé tinimbang Landa lan [[Basa Frisia]]<ref name="thije">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gIEN068J3gC |title=Receptive Multilingualism: Linguistic analyses, language policies and didactic concepts |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first1= Jan D. |last1=ten Thije |first2=Ludger |last2=Zeevaert |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |page=17 |year=2007}}</ref> utawa antaraning [[Basa-Basa Jermanik Lor]] kayata [[Basa ]] lan [[Basa Swedia]]. <ref name="gooskens"/><!--see page 463--> Panulis lan juru gurit Afrika Kidul yaiku Breyten Breytenbach, njajal nggambaraké adoh-adohing basa kanthi [[Dunya Panyatur Inggris]] lan nemokaké yèn bédhané Basa Landa Baku lan Afrikaans mèh padha karo antaraning Basa Inggris Baku [[Receive Pronunciation]] lan [[Basa Inggris Amerika Serikat Kidul]].<ref>S. Linfield, interview in Salmagundi; 2000.</ref>
 
 
===Pangembangan===
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Buruh lan buruh tukon sing uga ngembangaké basa Afrikaans yaiku [[Wong Asia|Asia]] (mligané wong [[Melayu]] lan wong [[Malagasi]], saliyané wong [[Khoi]], [[Wong San]], lan [[Wong Bantu]] sing uga manggon ing laladan iku. Wong Kréol ing pramula abad 18—kaya sing kacatet ing kasusé Hendrik Bibault lan para [[Oude Ram Afrikaner|Oude Ram]] — iku sing paling pramula ngundhang dhéwéké ''Afrikaner'' (Wong Afrika). Nembé ing tengah-tengahing abad 19 {{dubious|Boer identity merge with Afrikaners|date=October 2015}} wong [[Boer]] uga njupuk tembung iku.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cape-slavery-heritage.iblog.co.za/category/new-creole-identities/page/4/|title=The Orlams Afrikaners – the Creole Africans of the Garieb|publisher=Cape Slavery Heritage|accessdate=8 July 2010}}</ref> Wong Khoi lan wong-wong blasteran padha-padha diarani 'Coloureds' utawa 'werna'.<ref name="Slavery">{{cite web|url=http://slaveryinstitute.wordpress.com/slavery-in-the-cape/|title=Slavery in the Cape|publisher=Institute for the Study of Slavery and its Legacy – South Africa|accessdate=8 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610194604/http://slaveryinstitute.wordpress.com/slavery-in-the-cape/|archivedate=10 June 2010 <!--DASHBot-->|deadurl=no}}</ref>
 
 
Awit taun 1815, Basa Afrikaans ngganthèni basa Melayu dadi basa pangajaran ing sekolah-sekolah Islam [[Afrika Kidul]], mula ditulis ing [[Abjad Arab]]: dheleng [[Arabic Afrikaans]]. Sabanjuré, Basa Afrikaans sing ditulis ing aksara Latin, mula ana ing layang kabar, lan panulisan-panulisan agama lan politik awit 1850. <ref name="omniglot.com" />
 
 
Ing taun 1875, sak wong panyatur basa Afrikaans saka Cape ngadhekaké kumpulan jenengé''{{lang|af|[[Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners|Genootskap vir Regte Afrikaanders]]}}'' ("Society for Real Afrikaners"),<ref name="omniglot.com"/> lan nerbitaké rena-rena buku ing basa Afrikaans, kalebu paramasastra, bausastra, sejarah lan buku-buku bab agama. Ing taun 1825, Afrikaans diakoni pamaréntah dadi basa sing hakiki, tinimbang salah sawijining dhialèk basa Landa. <ref name="omniglot.com"/>
 
 
===Pangakon===
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Sadhurungé [[Perang Boer]] (1880-1881 lan1899-1902), "lan pirang taun sakbaré, basa Afrikaans dianggep ora patut kanggo pandhdikan. Malahan dianggep kaya ‘basa pawonan’ utawa ‘basa kasar’, sing pantes dadi sesambungan antaraning wong Boers menyang." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/emoryac/detail.action?docID=10096117|title=Language Planning & Policy S. : Language Planning and Policy in Africa : Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique and South Africa|last=Kaplan and Baldauf|first=Robert B. and Richard B.|dead-url=|access-date=March 30, 2017}}</ref> Nanging, 23 taun samubaré Perang Boer Kapindo babar ing taun 1902, lan uga amarga upayané Gerakan Basa Afrikans ( the Afrikans Language Movement )<ref name=":0" /> ing tanggal 8 Mei 1925, Undhang-Undang Basa Resmi No 8 taun 1925 (the Official Languages of the Union Act No 8 of 1925) diloloské ing parembugan Déwan Rakyat lan Sènat, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/afrikaans-becomes-official-language-union-south-africa|title=Afrikaans becomes the official language of the Union of South Africa|last=|first=|date=16 March 2011|website=South African History Online|dead-url=|access-date=March 30, 2017}}</ref> lan wayah iku Basa “Landa" dilebokaké dadi salah sawijining basa resmi kalebu uga Afrikaans. Nanging, ing Undhang-Undhang Dhasar Afrika Selatan taun 1961 ngganthi posisi Afrikaans lan Landa, akiré Basa Inggris lan Afrikaans dadi basa resmi najan uga nglebokaké Basa Landa. Nanging tembung Basa Landa ora disebut manèh ing Undhang-Undhang Dhasar anyar taun 1983.
 
 
====Monumèn====
[[File:AfrikaanseTaalmonumentSlogan.jpg|thumb|left|Slogan ing ngarepe Monumen Basa Afrikaans, cedhak Paarl, Afrika Kidul. Yen diterjemahke artine kurang luwih "Iki penting kanggo awake dhewe", utawa yen diterjemahke harpiah dadi, "Iki seriuse awake dhewe"{{Citation needed|reason=Does 'ons' not mean 'to us' instead here?|date=January 2017}} or "This is our cause"{{Citation needed|reason=Seems more like a loose translation|date=January 2017}}]]
 
 
[[Monumèn Basa Afrikaans]] (''{{lang|af|Afrikaanse Taalmonument}}'') manggon ing sawijining gumuk sing ngadhep kutha [[Paarl]], [[Western Cape Province]], [[Afrika Kidul]]. Resmi dibuka kanggo umum ing tanggal 10 Oktober 1975,<ref name="Botha-speech">{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2005/05111709451003.htm |title=Speech by the Minister of Art and Culture, N Botha, at the 30th anniversary festival of the Afrikaans Language Monument |date=10 October 2005 |publisher=[[South African Department of Arts and Culture]] |language=Afrikaans |accessdate=28 November 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604111627/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2005/05111709451003.htm |archivedate=4 June 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> tugu iki dibangun kanggo mendhaki 50 taun Afrikaans diakoni dadi salah siji basa resmi ing Afrika Kidul sing bédha karo Basa Landa. Tugu iki dibangun ing Paarl ing pringatan 100 taun ngadhegé ''{{lang|af|[[Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners]]}}'' (Society of Real [[Afrikaner]]s), salah sawiji pakumpulan sing nguri-uri jatining Afrikaner lan kabungahan ing basané dhéwé.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Charles S. B. Galasko |title=The Afrikaans Language Monument |location=Paarl |journal=Spine |date=1 November 2008 |volume=33 |issue=23 }}</ref>
 
 
 
===Standarisasi===
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[[File:Graham Maclachlan - Gevaar Slagysters.jpg|thumb|left|Tetenger ing Afrikaans: ''{{lang|af|Gevaar Slagysters}}'' utawa "Awas jeglongan"]]
 
Bausastra pratama basa Afrikaans ''{{lang|af|[[Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal]]}}'' (WAT) (''Dictionary of the Afrikaans Language''), sing durung pepeg , nanging ana bausastra sak volume sing digawé padinan yaiku ''{{lang|af|[[Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal]]}}'' (HAT). Sawetara panulisan resmi Afrikaans iku''{{lang|af|Afrikaanse Woordelys en Spelreëls}}'', sing disusun déning {{lang|af|[[Die Taalkommissie]]}}.
 
 
===Kitab Injil Pertalan Afrikaans===
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C. P. Hoogehout, [[:af:Arnoldus Pannevis|Arnoldus Pannevis]], lan [[Stephanus Jacobus du Toit]] wong-wong sing pramula mertalaké injil ing basa Afrikaans the first. Panenger pertalan injil ing basa iku ing taun 1878 saka pertalané C. P. Hoogehout's translation of the ''{{lang|af|Evangelie volgens Markus}}'' ([[Injil Markus]], sing maksudé. Injil miturut Markus); nanging pertalan iku ora diterbitaké lan kasimpen ing Perpustakan Nasional Afrika Kidul (the South African National Library), Kutha Cape Town.
 
 
Pertalan sampurna injil ing basa Afrikaans terbit ing taun 1933 déning [[J. D. du Toit]], E. E. van Rooyen, J. D. Kestell, H. C. M. Fourie, lan [[BB Keet]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.enigstetroos.org/bybelstudie.htm |title=Bybelstudies |accessdate=23 September 2008 |last=Bogaards |first=Attie H. |language=af |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010173208/http://www.enigstetroos.org/bybelstudie.htm |archivedate=10 October 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bybelgenootskap.co.za/afr/bybelgenootskap/jongste_nuus.asp |title=Afrikaanse Bybel vier 75 jaar |accessdate=23 September 2008 |date=25 August 2008 |publisher=Bybelgenootskap van Suid-Afrika |language=af |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609161131/http://www.bybelgenootskap.co.za/afr/bybelgenootskap/jongste_nuus.asp |archivedate=9 June 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> Karya iki dadi tetenger sing ndadikaké basa Afrikaans ''{{lang|af|'n suiwer en oordentlike taal}}'', yaiku " basa sing tepak lan pantes" kanggo kaperluan agama, mligané antarané panyatur basa Afrikaans sing agamané [[Calvinist]] lan ora yakin karo [[pertalan injil]] sing rena-rena saka vèrsi Landa sing digawé cekelan sadhurungé.
 
Ing 1983, pertalan anyar mangayubagyani 50 taun pertalan injil taun 1933 lan ngapiki versi sing butuh dibesuti. Besutan akir èdisi iki digarap déning E. P. Groenewald, A. H. van Zyl, P. A. Verhoef, J. L. Helberg lan W. Kempen.
 
 
==Princèn Basa==
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Afrikaans kalebu sub kelompok dhéwé ing [[Basa-basa Jérmanik Kulon|Jérmanik Kulon]] lan kalebu [[Basa-basa Frankonia Ngisor|Frankonia Ngisor]]. Basa Afrikaans akèh silihmangertèn karo [[Basa Landa]]. Basa-basa liyané sing sadhulur yaiku [[Basa Jérman]], [[Basa Inggris]], [[Basa Frisia]], basa-basa [[Jérman Ngisor]] lan [[Yiddish]].
 
 
==Laladan Pasebaran==
 
===Cacah Jiwa===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
Baris 129 ⟶ 110:
| {{flag|Afrika Kidul}} || 6.855.082 || 13,4% || 2011 || <ref name="undata"/>
|}
 
 
 
== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}
 
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