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Hanyu Pinyin

Hanyu Pinyin (Hanzi Sederhana: 汉语拼音; Hanzi Tradisional: 漢語拼音; Pinyin: Hànyǔ Pīnyīn; [pʰín ín]) iku tatalaku jawatjati (Ind: sistem resmi) kanggo angowahi aksara Cina menyang aksara Latin ing nagara Cina, Taiwan[1], Singapura, lan Malaysia kang uga karanan caralatin. Tatalaku iki kerep dinggo amulang basa Mandharin angéja jeneng Cina ing publikasi manca lan kanggo lebonan (input) menyang komputer kang anganggo aksara Kan (Cina) (汉字 / 漢字, hànzì).

Pinyin
Cina 拼音
Scheme of the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet
Cina Padatan 漢語拼音方案
Cina Prasaja 汉语拼音方案
Artikel iki ngandhut special characters. Tanpa rendering support sing bener, panjenengan manwa mung mirsani tandha pitakon, kothak, utawa simbul liya.

Tatalaku iki digawé ing taun 1950 an M adhadhasar wangun caralatin sadurungé, lan dibabar déning pamaréntah Cina ing taun 1958 kanthi bola-bali dibenakake.[2] The International Organization for Standardization ajupuktrima (Ind: mengadopsi) pinyin saemper caralatin baku kanthi baunagara (Ind: international) ing taun 1982 M.[3] Tatalaku iki didadèkaké baku ing Taiwan ing taun 2009 M, lan lumrahé karan Tatalaku Swarajati Anyar.[4][5]

Hànyǔ tegesé basa pocapan saka Wong Han lan pinyin kanthi barès tegesé 'swarajati' utawa 'pocapan' (Ing: phonetics).[6]

Purwaksara

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Ing saben kothakan ing ngisor, baris pisanan anuduhaké IPA, baris kaloro aaanuduhaké pinyin.

Bilabial Labio-
dental 		Alveolar Retroflex Alveolo-
palatal 		Palatal Velar
Plosive [p]
b 		[pʰ]
p 		[t]
d 		[tʰ]
t 		[k]
g 		[kʰ]
k
Nasal [m]
m 		[n]
n
Affricate [ts]
z 		[tsʰ]
c 		[tʂ]
zh 		[tʂʰ]
ch 		[tɕ]
j 		[tɕʰ]
q
Fricative   [f]
f 		[s]
s 		[ʂ]
sh 		[ɕ]
x 		[x]
h
Liquid [l]
l 		[ɻ~ʐ]1
r
Semivowel       [j]2  or [ɥ]3
y   		[w]2
w

1 /ɻ/ bisa kanthi swarajati kocap [ʐ] (a voiced retroflex fricative). Pocapan iki owah miturut pamicara, lan dudu rong fonèm kang abéda.
2 Aksara "w" lan "y" ora kalebu ing tabel wiwitan iki. Ana konvènsi tatatulis tumrap medial "i", "u" lan "ü" kang ora ana ing tabel wiwitan. Yèn "i", "u" utawa "ü" pungkasan lan ora ana wiwitané, diwaca "yi", "wu", lan "yu".
3 "y" dipocapaké [ɥ] (a labial-palatal approximant) sadurungé "u".

Urutan kanthi konvènsional (ora kalebu w lan y), wiwitan saka tatalaku Cuin, yaiku:

b p m f d t n l g k h j q x zh ch sh r z c s

Wasanaksara

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Cithakan:Mandarin vowels

Kodhah
∅ /i/ /u/ /n/ /ŋ/
Madyaksara ∅ [ɨ]

-i		 [ɤ]
e
-e		 [a]
a
-a 		[ei̯]
ei
-ei		 [ai̯]
ai
-ai 		[ou̯]
ou
-ou		 [au̯]
ao
-ao 		[ən]
en
-en		 [an]
an
-an 		[ʊŋ]

-ong		 [əŋ]
eng
-eng		 [aŋ]
ang
-ang
/i/ [i]
yi
-i		 [i̯e]
ye
-ie		 [i̯a]
ya
-ia 		[i̯ou̯]
you
-iu		 [i̯au̯]
yao
-iao 		[in]
yin
-in		 [i̯ɛn]
yèn
-ian 		[i̯ʊŋ]
yong
-iong		 [iŋ]
ying
-ing		 [i̯aŋ]
yang
-iang
/u/ [u]
wu
-u		 [u̯o]
wo
-uo 3		 [u̯a]
wa
-ua 		[u̯ei̯]
wei
-ui		 [u̯ai̯]
wai
-uai 		[u̯ən]
wen
-un		 [u̯an]
wan
-uan 		[u̯əŋ]
weng
 		 [u̯aŋ]
wang
-uang
/y/ [y]
yu
-ü 2		 [y̯e]
yue
-üe 2		 [yn]
yun
-ün 2		 [y̯ɛn]
yuan
-üan 2

1 [ɑɻ] iku katulis er. Kanggo kabeh wasanaksara kang antuk wasanaksara-r, ora ana tatatulis kang umligi. Kandhawara angenani wasanakasara-r, bisa diwaca ing Pranata Êrhwà.
2 "ü" tinulis "u" sabubare j, q, x, utawa y.
3 "uo" tinulis "o" sabubare b, p, m, utawa f.

Kanthi tehnis, i, u, ü tanpa dieloni aksara swara iku wasanaksara, dudu madyaksara, lan amarga saka iku nganggo sandhangan laras. Saliyané iku, ê [ɛ] (欸, 誒) lan anuswara swarajati (Ing: syllabic nasal) m (呒, 呣), n (嗯, 唔), ng (嗯, 𠮾) kanggo interjection.

Paripustaka

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  1. ↑ Snowling, Margaret J.; Hulme, Charles (2005). The science of reading: a handbook. Blackwell handbooks of developmental psychology). Vol. 17. Wiley-Blackwell. kc. 320–22. ISBN 1-4051-1488-6.
  2. ↑ "Pinyin celebrates 50th birthday". Xinhua News Agency. 2008-02-11. Dibukak ing 2008-09-20.
  3. ↑ "ISO 7098:1982 – Documentation – Romanization of Chinese". Dibukak ing 2009-03-01.
  4. ↑ "Hanyu Pinyin to be standard system in 2009". Taipei Times. 2008-09-18. Dibukak ing 2008-09-20.
  5. ↑ "Government to improve English-friendly environment". The China Post. 2008-09-18. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2008-09-19. Dibukak ing 2008-09-20.
  6. ↑ Harbaugh, Richard (1998). "中文字普 (Chinese Characters: A Genealogy and Dictionary)". Zhongwen.com. Dibukak ing 2008-04-27.

Wacan

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  • Yin Binyong 尹斌庸 and Mary Felley (1990). Chinese Romanization. Pronunciation and Orthography (Hanyu pinyin he zhengcifa 汉语拼音和正词法). Beijing: Sinolingua. ISBN 7-80052-148-6 / ISBN 0-8351-1930-0.
  • Gao, J. K. (2005). Pinyin shorthand: a bilingual handbook = [Pinyin su ji fa]. Dallas, TX: Jack Sun. ISBN 1-59971-251-2
  • Kimball, R. L. (1988). Quick reference Chinese: a practical guide to Mandarin for beginners and travelers in English, Pinyin romanization, and Chinese characters. San Francisco, CA: China Books & Periodicals. ISBN 0-8351-2036-8
  • Uy, Dr. Tim and Jim Hsia (ed.) (2009). Webster's Digital Chinese Dictionary: Advanced Reference Edition. Mountain View, CA: Loqu8 Press. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (pitulung)
  • Wu, C.-j. (1979). The Pinyin Chinese–English dictionary. Hong Kong: Commercial Press. ISBN 0-471-27557-3

Pranala njaba

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Kang sadurungé
Gwoyeu Romatzyh 		Official romanization adopted
by the People's Republic of China
1958- 		Kang sawisé
current
Kang sadurungé
Wade-Giles 		de facto used romanization
by the People's Republic of China
1978- 		Kang sawisé
current
Kang sadurungé
Tongyong Pinyin 		Official romanization adopted
by the Republic of China (Taiwan)
2009- 		Kang sawisé
current
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