Tyrannosaurus rex

Tyrannosaurus; Kalamangsa: Late Cretaceous, 67–65.5 Ma PraЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Cast of a specimen nicknamed "Stan" (specimen BHI 3033), at Manchester Museum
Klasifikasi ngèlmiah
Karajan:	Animalia
Filum:	Chordata
Klad:	Dinosauria
Klad:	Saurischia
Klad:	Theropoda
Klad:	Eutyrannosauria
Famili:	Tyrannosauridae; Osborn, 1906
Subfamili:	Tyrannosaurinae; Osborn, 1905
Génus:	Tyrannosaurus; Osborn, 1905
Spésies tipe
	†Tyrannosaurus rex; Osborn, 1905
Sepésiyes liyane
	†Tyrannosaurus bataar?; Maleev, 1955; †Tyrannosaurus zhuchengensis?; Hu, 2001;
Sinonim
	Sinonim gènus Dinotyrannus ; Olshevsky & Ford, 1995 ; Dynamosaurus ; Osborn, 1905 ; Manospondylus ; Cope, 1892 ; Nanotyrannus ; Bakker, Williams & Currie, 1988 ; Stygivenator ; Olshevsky, 1995 ; Tarbosaurus? ; Maleev, 1955 ; Sinonim sepésiyes Aublysodon amplus? ; Marsh, 1892 ; Deinodon amplus? ; (Marsh, 1892) ; Manospondylus amplus? ; (Marsh, 1892) ; Stygivenator amplus? ; (Marsh, 1892) ; Tyrannosaurus amplus? ; (Marsh, 1892) ; Aublysodon cristatus? ; Marsh, 1892 ; Deinodon cristatus? ; (Marsh, 1892) ; Stygivenator cristatus? ; (Marsh, 1892) ; Manospondylus gigas ; Cope, 1892 ; Dynamosaurus imperiosus ; Osborn, 1905 ; Tyrannosaurus imperiosus ; (Osborn, 1905) ; Albertosaurus lancensis ; (Gilmore, 1946) ; Aublysodon lancensis ; (Gilmore, 1946) ; Deinodon lancensis ; (Gilmore, 1946) ; Gorgosaurus lancensis ; Gilmore, 1946 ; Nanotyrannus lancensis ; (Gilmore, 1946) ; Dinotyrannus megagracilis ; Olshevsky & Ford, 1995 ; Stygivenator molnari ; (Paul, 1988) ; Ornithomimus grandis; (Marsh, 1897) ;

Tyrannosaurus rex utawa Tyrannosaurus (basa Yunani: "Tyrannos" tegesé tiran, lan "sauros" kang tegesé kadal; tambahan "Rex" kang tegesé ratu) kang racaké disingkat T-Rex ya iku salah siji dinosaurus saka génus theropoda kang ngadeg nanggo sikil loro.^[1] Dinosaurus iki kalebu dhinosaurus karnivora (mangan daging) gedhé dhéwé ing jamane.Kéwan iki diprakirakake urip nalika kalamangsa kapur antara 67 nganti 65 yuta taun kepengker.^[1] T-Rex iku salah siji ing antarané kéwan dhinosaurus non-unggas kang terakhir ana sadurungé prastawa kepunahan ing jaman Cretaceous-Tersier.^[1] Kayadene Tyrannosauroid liyané, Tyrannosaurus iku karnivora sikil loro kang duwé cumplung gedhé lan diimbangi karo buntut kang dawa lan abot.^[2] Tyrannosaurus duwé tangan loro ing ngarep awake.^[2] Tangan cilik T-Rex duwé rong driji kang saben salah sijiné dijangkepi cakar.^[2] Sanajan isih akèh Theropoda liya kang awake luwih gedhé saka Tyrannosaurus Rex,nanging ing ukuran semono, Tyrannosaurus rex kalebu salah sijining predator dharat kang kaloka gedhé dhéwé.^[2] Dawane sawatara 12,8 mèter (42 kaki) lan 4 mèter (13 kaki) dhuwuré.^[2] Abote kira-kira 6,8 metrik ton.^[2] Luwih saka 30 spésimèn kang tinemu wis diidhentifikasi lan ing antarané ana kang meh jangkep. Ing salah sijining spésimèn tinemu yèn wis ana jaringan lunak lan proteine.

Sajarah

Henry Fairfield Osborn, Présidhèn saka American Museum of Natural History njenengi Tyrannosaurus rex ing taun 1905.^[3] Nama Tyrannosaurus kadhapur saka rong tembung basa Yunani ya iku tyrannos kang tegesé tiran,lan Sauros kang tegesé kadal.^[3]

Panemon Pisanan

Untu saka apa kang saiki didokumentasikake minangka Tyranosaurus rex tinemu sepisanan déning A. Lakes ing cedhaké Golden, Colorado.^[4] Ing taun 1890-an,JB Hatcher ngumpulake fosil-fosil cumplung njaba ing wétan Wyoming.^[4] Fosil-fosil mau dipitaya mingnaka fosile Ornithomimus (O. grandis),nanging saiki dianggep fosile Tyrannosaurus rex.^[4] Fragmen balung burine kang tinemu déning DE. Cope ing sisih kulon South Dakota ing taun 1892 lan dijenengi gigas Manospondylus uga wis diakoni minangka duwéke Tyrannosaurus rex.^[4] Barnum Brown,asistèn kurator saka Museum Sajarah Alam Amérika, nemu wrangka parsial pisanan saka Tyrannosaurus rex ing wétan Wyoming ing taun 1900. HF Osborn asliné njenengi kerangka iki Dynamosaurus imperisus ing kertas nalika taun 1905. Brown nemu wrangka parsial liyané ing Hell Creek Formation ing Montana taun 1902. Osborn migunakaké holotipe iki kanggo nggambaraké Tyrannosaurus rex ing koran kang padha karo koran kang nerbitake gambare Dynamosaurus imperiosus.^[3] Ing taun 1906,Osborn ngakoni yèn saklorone iku sinonim lan nyebut awake dhéwé minangka revisor kang milih jeneng Tyrannosaurus minangka nama kang valid.^[5] Saiki,materi asli Dynamosaurus disimpen ana ing koleksi Sajarah Alam, London.^[6] Sajatiné, Brown nemu limang wrangka Tyrannosaurus parsial.^[7] Ing taun 1941,panemuane Brown diadol marang Museum Sajarah Alam Carnegie ing Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.^[7] Brown nemu fosil kang kapapat lan kang gedhé dhéwé uga ing Hell Creek, kang dipamerake ing Museum Sajarah Alam Amérika ing New York.^[7] Sanajan ana akèh fosil Tyrannosaurus kang tinemu, nanging mung ana siji kang wis didokumentasikake (paling lengkap, ya iku ing Philmount Scout Ranch ing pérangan lore New Mexico.^[7] Fosil iki tinemu ing taun 1983 lan diidhentifikasi lan didokumentasikake ing taun 1994.^[7]

Pratélan Pustaka

↑ ^a ^b ^c Hicks, J.F., Johnson, K.R., Obradovich, J.D., Tauxe, L. and Clark, D. (2002). "Magnetostratigraphy and geochronology of the Hell Creek and basal Fort Union Formations of southwestern North Dakota and a recalibration of the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary", in J.H. Hartman, K.R. Johnson & D.J. Nichols (eds.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains: An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. GSA Special Paper, 361: 35–55}
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f http://paleobiol.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/1/88}
↑ ^a ^b ^c {{en}http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/1464}
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d {{en}http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2005AM/finalprogram/abstract_96150.htm} Archived 2012-03-08 at the Wayback Machine.
↑ {{en}http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/1473}
↑ {Breithaup, BH; Southwell EH, Matthews NA (2006). "Dynamosaurus imperiosus and the earliest discoveries of Tyrannosaurus rex in Wyoming and the West". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 35: 257–258.}
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e {{en}Horner, John R.; Don Lessem (1993). The complete T. rex. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-74185-3.>

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[buku_1-1] Hicks, J.F., Johnson, K.R., Obradovich, J.D., Tauxe, L. and Clark, D. (2002). "Magnetostratigraphy and geochronology of the Hell Creek and basal Fort Union Formations of southwestern North Dakota and a recalibration of the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary", in J.H. Hartman, K.R. Johnson & D.J. Nichols (eds.), The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains: An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous. GSA Special Paper, 361: 35–55}

[internet_2-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f http://paleobiol.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/1/88}

[internet_3-3] {{en}http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/1464}

[internet_4-4] {{en}http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2005AM/finalprogram/abstract_96150.htm} Archived 2012-03-08 at the Wayback Machine.

[internet_5-5] {{en}http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/1473}

[buku_2-6] {Breithaup, BH; Southwell EH, Matthews NA (2006). "Dynamosaurus imperiosus and the earliest discoveries of Tyrannosaurus rex in Wyoming and the West". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 35: 257–258.}

[buku_3-7] {{en}Horner, John R.; Don Lessem (1993). The complete T. rex. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-74185-3.>

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