Perang Révolusi Amérika Sarékat
Perang Révolusi Amérika Sarékat (1775–1783), Pérang Kamardikan Amérika Sarékat,[8] utawa gur Perang Revolusi ing nagara Amérika Sarékat, awalé minangka salah sawijining perang antarané Karajan Karajan Manunggal lan Amérika Sarékat sing lagi ngadek, nanging kanthi alon-alon dadi perang global antarané Karajan Manunggal ing siji pérangan lan Amérika Sarékat, Prancis, Walanda, lan Spanyol ing pérangan liyané. Perang iki dimenangaké déning Amérika Sarékat kanthi kasil sing campur karo kakuwatan liyané.
| Perang Revolusi Amérika Sarékat | |||||||||
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 Saarah pandom jam saka kiwa terus nduwur: Paprangan Bunker Hill, Matine Montgomery di Quebec, Paprangan Cowpens, "Moonlight Battle" | |||||||||
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| Péhak kang perang | |||||||||
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| Pangarep | |||||||||
 George Washington Nathanael Greene Horatio Gates Richard Montgomery- † Daniel Morgan Henry Knox Benedict Arnold (Defected) Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben Marquis de La Fayette Comte de Rochambeau Comte de Grasse Duc de Crillon Bailli de Suffren...full list |
 Lord North Sir William Howe Thomas Gage Henry Clinton (Perang Kamardikan Amérika Sarékat) Lord Cornwallis # Sir Guy Carleton John Burgoyne # Benedict Arnold George Rodney Richard Howe Wilhelm von Knyphausen Joseph Brant ...full list | ||||||||
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Pucuk: |
Pucuk: | ||||||||
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Amérika Sarékat: 25.000 tewas
Jumlah kurban Amérika Sarékat: 50.000 mati lan padha luka[7] Sakuthu: 6.000± wadya Prancis lan Spanyol (ing Éropa) 2.000 wadya Prancis (ing Amérika) |
20.000± wadya Angkatan Darat Karajan Manunggal tewas lan padha luka
19.740 pelaut mati [3] | ||||||||
Perang iki minangka akibat saka Revolusi Amérika Sarékat. Para kolonis bangkit amarga Undang-Undang Stempel 1765 sing tinemu déning parlemèn Karajan Manunggal sing dudu konstitusional. Parlemèn Karajan Manunggal negasaké manawa panjenengané nduwé hak kanggo nglakokaké pajeg kanggo para kolonis. Kolonis ngeklaim manawa amarga panjenengané penduduk Karajan Manunggal, nolak pajeg tanpa perwakilan rakyat dianggep ilegal. Kolonis Amérika Sarékat minangka Konggrès Kontinental sing dadi siji lan pamaréntahan bayangan ing saben-saben koloni, sanadyan ing awalé isih setia karo Raja. Boikoté Amérika Sarékat karo tèh Karajan Manunggal sing kena pajeg nyurung kadadeyané prastawa Pista Teh Boston taun 1773, sing rusaké momotan teh kapal Karajan Manunggal. London nanggepiné kanthi mandekaké pamaréntahan swatantra ing Massachusetts lan ndelehné ing ngisor kendali prajurit Karajan Manunggal karo Jenderal Thomas Gage minangka gubernuré. Ing wulan April 1775, Gage mudeng manawa senjata lagi dikumpulaké ing Concord, Massachusetts, lan panjenengané ngirimaké wadya Karajan Manunggal kanggo ngrampas lan ngrusak senjata iku mau.[9] Milisi lokal nglawan para wadya lan tembak-tembakan (ndeleng Paprangan Lexington lan Concord). Sawisé bola bali njaluk karo ratu Karajan Manunggal mèlu nimbrung ing parlemèn, kabèh putusan damai mandek nalika Proklamasi Pemberontakan lumantar dekrit ratu, lan penjenengané nanggepiné nganggo Deklarasi Kamardikan salah sijining bangsa sing didaulat anyar, Amérika Sarékat, ing tanggal 4 Juli 1776. Bangsa Loyalis Amérika Sarékat nolak Deklarasi iki lan mihak karo Raja; panjenengané diguwak saka kekuasaan ing ngendi-ngendi papan. Upaya Amérika Sarékat kanggo njembaraké pamberontakan iki tekan Provinsi Quebec lan Florida nanging ora kasil.
Karajan Prancis, Karajan Spanyol, lan Walanda meneng-meneng mènèhi Aliansi Prancis-Amérika Sarékat ya iku wujud amunisi lan senjata karo kaum revolusioner diwiwiti taun 1776. Ing Juni 1776, Amérika Sarékat weés kasil ngendalèkaké saben praja kanthi rata, nanging salanjuté Angkatan Laut Karajan Karajan Manunggal nyerang New York City lan ndadèkaké pangkalan utama penjenengané. Perang iki bola-bali ngalami kadadèan buntu. Angkatan Laut kraton wés nyerang kutha-kutha pasisir liyané ing wektu sedéla, nanging pambrontak ngendalekaké wewengkon désa sing dipanggoni 90 persèn populasi AS. Strategi Karajan Manunggal gumantung ing mobilisasi milisi Loyalis lan ora naté bisa kadadéan. Serangan Karajan Manunggal saka Kanada ing taun 1777 rampung kanthi kalahe prajurit Karajan Manunggal ing Paprangan Saratoga. Kamenangan Amérika Sarékat iki nyurung Prancis lumebu perang kanthi kebukak ing awal 1778, saingga ngimbangaké kakuwatan militèr ing antarané rong pihak. Spanyol lan Walanda—sekuthu Prancis—uga perang karo Karajan Manunggal sasuwené petang taun salanjuté, ngancem invasi ing Karajan Manunggal lan nguji kakuwatan militeré Karajan Manunggal kanthi kegiyatan kampanye ing Éropa. Melu-melune Spanyol ing Perang Revolusi Amérika Sarékat ujung-ujungé ing munduré prajurit Karajan Manunggal saka Florida Kulon, saingga ngamanaké wewengkon kidul Amérika Sarékat. Kamenangan mutlak wadya lautan Karajan Manunggal ing Paprangan Saintes nggagalaké rencana Prancis lan Spanyol kanggo ngusir Karajan Manunggal saka Karibia, lan upaya gabungan Prancis-Spanyol kanggo nduduki pertahanan Karajan Manunggal ing Gibraltar uga rampungé kanthi kalah sing padha.
Anggoné mèlu nagara Prancis kabukti wés kasil [10] sanadyan larang, saingga nggawe gègèr ékonomi Prancis lan nyurung nagara iki ing jurang utang sing gedhé.[11] Kamenangan wadya lautan Prancis ing Chesapeake ujung-ujungé pengepungan déning prajurit gabungan Prancis lan Kontinental sing meksa prajurit Karajan Manunggal kaloro nyerah ing Yorktown, Virginia taun 1781. Paprangan terus nglanjut sasuwené taun 1782, sawatara perundingan perdamaian diwiwiti.
Ing taun 1783, Traktat Paris (1783) mungkasi perang lan ngakui kedaulatan Amérika Sarékat saka teritori sing kanthi kasar dikelilingi déning wewengkon sing saiki dadi Kanada ing lor, Florida ing kidul, lan kali Mississippi ing kulon.[12][13] Prastawa damai iki ing tingkat internasional disetujui lan dibarengi karo ijol-ijolan laladan teritori.
Perjanjian Paris
besutRéferènsi
besut- ↑ a b c Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole. A Companion to the American Revolution (Wiley-Blackwell, 2003), p. 328.
- ↑ Montero[butuh klarifikasi] p. 356
- ↑ a b c Mackesy (1964), pp. 6, 176 (British seamen)
- ↑ A. J. Berry, A Time of Terror (2006) p. 252
- ↑ Claude, Van Tyne, The loyalists in the American Revolution (1902) pp. 182–3.
- ↑ Greene and Pole (1999), p. 393; Boatner (1974), p. 545
- ↑ American dead and wounded: Shy, pp. 249–50. The lower figure for number of wounded comes from Chambers, p. 849.
- ↑ British writers generally favor "American War of Independence", "American Rebellion", or "War of American Independence". See Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, Bibliography at the Michigan State University for usage in titles.
- ↑ "Orders from General Thomas Gage to Lieutenant Colonel Smith, 10th Regiment 'Foot Boston, April 18, 1775". Diarsip saka sing asli ing August 9, 2011. Dibukak ing October 15, 2012.
- ↑ Greene and Pole, A companion to the American Revolution p 357
- ↑ Jonathan R. Dull, A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution (1987) p. 161
- ↑ Dull, A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ch 18
- ↑ Lawrence S. Kaplan, "The Treaty of Paris, 1783: A Historiographical Challenge," International History Review, Sept 1983, Vol. 5 Issue 3, pp 431–442
Wacanan lanjutan
besut- Black, Jeremy. War for America: The Fight for Independence, 1775–1783. 2001. Analysis from a noted British military historian.
- Benn, Carl. Historic Fort York, 1793–1993. Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd., 1993. ISBN 0-920474-79-9.
- Boatner, Mark Mayo, III. Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. 1966; revised 1974. ISBN 0-8117-0578-1. Military topics, references many secondary sources.
- Chambers, John Whiteclay II, ed. in chief. The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-507198-0.
- Crocker III, H. W. (2006). Don't Tread on Me. New York: Crown Forum. ISBN 978-1-4000-5363-6.
- Duffy, Christopher. The Military Experience in the Age of Reason, 1715–1789 Routledge, 1987. ISBN 978-0-7102-1024-1.
- Edler, Friedrich. The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution. University Press of the Pacific, 1911, reprinted 2001. ISBN 0-89875-269-8.
- Ellis, Joseph J. His Excellency: George Washington. (2004). ISBN 1-4000-4031-0.
- Fenn, Elizabeth Anne. Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775–82. New York: Hill and Wang, 2001. ISBN 0-8090-7820-1.
- Fischer, David Hackett. Washington's Crossing. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-19-517034-2.
- Fletcher, Charles Robert Leslie. An Introductory History of England: The Great European War, Volume 4. E.P. Dutton, 1909. OCLC 12063427.
- Greene, Jack P. and Pole, J.R., eds. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 1991; reprint 1999. ISBN 1-55786-547-7. Collection of essays focused on political and social history.
- Higginbotham, Don. The War of American Independence: Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice, 1763–1789. Northeastern University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-930350-44-8. Overview of military topics; online in ACLS History E-book Project.
- Jensen, Merrill. The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution 1763–1776. (2004)
- Kaplan, Sidney and Emma Nogrady Kaplan. The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution. Amherst, Massachusetts: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1989. ISBN 0-87023-663-6.
- Ketchum, Richard M. Saratoga: Turning Point of America's Revolutionary War. Henry Holt, 1997. ISBN 0-8050-4681-X.
- Mackesy, Piers. The War for America: 1775–1783. London, 1964. Reprinted University of Nebraska Press, 1993. ISBN 0-8032-8192-7. Highly regarded examination of British strategy and leadership.
- McCullough, David. 1776. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005.
- Riddick, John F. The history of British India: a chronology. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. ISBN 978-0-313-32280-8.
- Savas, Theodore P. and Dameron, J. David. A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution. New York: Savas Beatie LLC, 2006. ISBN 1-932714-12-X.
- Schama, Simon. Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution, New York, NY: Ecco/HarperCollins, 2006
- Shy, John. A People Numerous and Armed: Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976 (ISBN 0-19-502013-8); revised University of Michigan Press, 1990 (ISBN 0-472-06431-2). Collection of essays.
- Stephenson, Orlando W. "The Supply of Gunpowder in 1776", American Historical Review, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Jan. 1925), pp. 271–281 in JSTOR.
- Tombs, Robert and Isabelle. That Sweet Enemy: The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present Random House, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4000-4024-7.
- Trevelyan, George Otto. George the Third and Charles Fox: the concluding part of The American revolution Longmans, Green, 1912.
- Watson, J. Steven. The Reign of George III, 1760–1815. 1960. Standard history of British politics.
- Weigley, Russell F. The American Way of War. Indiana University Press, 1977. ISBN 978-0-253-28029-9.
- Weintraub, Stanley. Iron Tears: America's Battle for Freedom, Britain's Quagmire: 1775–1783. New York: Free Press, 2005 (a division of Simon and Schuster). ISBN 0-7432-2687-9. An account of the British politics on the conduct of the war.
Literatur referensi
besutThese are some of the standard works about the war in general which are not listed above; books about specific campaigns, battles, units, and individuals can be found in those articles.
- Conway, Stephen. The War of American Independence 1775-1783. Publisher: E. Arnold, 1995. ISBN 0-340-62520-1. 280 pages.
- Bancroft, George. History of the United States of America, from the discovery of the American continent. (1854–78), vol. 7–10.
- Bobrick, Benson. Angel in the Whirlwind: The Triumph of the American Revolution. Penguin, 1998 (paperback reprint).
- Fremont-Barnes, Gregory, and Ryerson, Richard A., eds. The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War: A Political, Social, and Military History (ABC-CLIO, 2006) 5 volume paper and online editions; 1000 entries by 150 experts, covering all topics
- Billias, George Athan. George Washington's Generals and Opponents: Their Exploits and Leadership (1994) scholarly studies of key generals on each side
- Hibbert, Christopher. Redcoats and Rebels: The American Revolution through British Eyes. New York: Norton, 1990. ISBN 0-393-02895-X.
- Kwasny, Mark V. Washington's Partisan War, 1775–1783. Kent, Ohio: 1996. ISBN 0-87338-546-2. Militia warfare.
- Middlekauff, Robert. The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789. Oxford University Press, 1984; revised 2005. ISBN 0-19-516247-1. online edition
- Symonds, Craig L. A Battlefield Atlas of the American Revolution (1989), newly drawn maps
- Ward, Christopher. The War of the Revolution. 2 volumes. New York: Macmillan, 1952. History of land battles in North America.
- Wood, W. J. Battles of the Revolutionary War, 1775–1781. ISBN 0-306-81329-7 (2003 paperback reprint). Analysis of tactics of a dozen battles, with emphasis on American military leadership.
- Men-at-Arms series: short (48pp), very well illustrated descriptions:
- Zlatich, Marko; Copeland, Peter. General Washington's Army (1): 1775–78 (1994)
- Zlatich, Marko. General Washington's Army (2): 1779–83 (1994)
- Chartrand, Rene. The French Army in the American War of Independence (1994)
- May, Robin. The British Army in North America 1775–1783 (1993)
- The Partisan in War, a treatise on light infantry tactics written by Colonel Andreas Emmerich in 1789.
Pranala njaba
besut| Wikimedia Commons duwé médhia ngenani American Revolutionary War. |
- Important People of the American Revolutionary War
- American Revolutionary War History Resources Archived 2006-09-26 at the Wayback Machine.
- Spain's role in the American Revolution from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean
- African-American soldiers in the Revolution Archived 2006-08-07 at the Wayback Machine.
- American Revolution & Independence Archived 2006-08-23 at the Wayback Machine.
- Liberty – The American Revolution Archived 2008-04-29 at the Wayback Machine. from PBS
- American Revolutionary War 1775–1783 in the News Archived 2013-01-17 at the Wayback Machine.
- Haldimand Collection Haldimand Collection, 232 series fully indexed; extensive military correspondence of British generals
- Africans in America from PBS
- Approval of the American victory in England Archived 2009-08-01 at the Wayback Machine. Unique arch inscription commemorates "Liberty in N America Triumphant MDCCLXXXIII"
- The Spanish and Latin American Contribution to the American Revolutionary War
- The American Revolution as a People’s War by William F. Marina, The Independent Institute, July 1, 1976
- Important battles of the American Revolutionary War
- Revolutionary War Movies Archived 2013-01-17 at the Wayback Machine. – list of films along with trailers and reviews.
Bibliografi
besut- Library of Congress Guide to the American Revolution
- Bibliographies of the War of American Independence Archived 2013-05-08 at the Wayback Machine. compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History
- Political bibliography from Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture
| Wikimedia Commons duwé médhia ngenani Category:American Revolutionary War. |