Fénol
Fénol (uga diarani asem karbolik ) minangka senyawa organik aromatik kanthi formula molekul C6H5OH. Iki wujude padatan kristal putih sing ora stabil. Molekul kasebut kalebu klompok fenil (−C6H5) sing kaiket karo klompok hidroksi (−OH). Asem sing alus, dibutuhaké ditangani kanthi ati-ati amarga bisa nyebabaké kobongan kimia. Fénol pisanan diekstrak saka tar batubara, nanging saiki diproduksi kanthi ukuran akèh (udakara 7 milyar kg / taun) saka bahan baku petroliam. Iki minangka komoditas industri penting minangka prekursor kanggo akèh bahan lan senyawa sing migunani.[8] Utamané digunakaké kanggo nyintesis plastik lan bahan sing gegandhengan. Fénol lan asalé bahan kimia penting kanggo produksi polikarbonat, epoksi, bakélite, nilon, deterjen, herbisida kayata herbisida fenoksi, lan akèh obat-obatan farmasi. Zat iki warna putih utawa ora berwarna lan duwé ambu khas.[9]
Fénol | |
---|---|
Sodium hydroxide[1] | |
Identifikasi | |
Nomor CAS | [1310-73-2] |
PubChem | |
Nomer EINECS | |
KEGG | D01169 |
MeSH | Sodium+Hydroxide |
ChEBI | CHEBI:32145 |
Nomer RTECS | WB4900000 |
SMILES | [OH-].[Na+] |
InChI | 1/Na.H2O/h;1H2/q+1;/p-1 |
Réferènsi Gmelin | 68430 |
Sifat | |
Rumus molekul | NaOH |
Massa molar | 39.9971 g mol−1 |
Panampilan | White, waxy, opaque crystals |
Ambu | odorless |
Densitas | 2.13 g/cm3[4] |
Titik leleh |
323 °C, 596 K, 613 °F |
Titik umob |
1388 °C, 1661 K, 2530 °F |
Kelarutan dalam air | 418 g/L (0 °C) 1000 g/L (25 °C)[4] 3370 g/L (100 °C) |
Kelarutan | soluble in glycerol negligible in ammonia insoluble in ether slowly soluble in propylene glycol |
Kelarutan dalam methanol | 238 g/L |
Kelarutan dalam ethanol | <<139 g/L |
Penetan uwab | <2.4 kPa (at 20 °C) |
Basicity (pKb) | 0.2 |
Struktur | |
Struktur kristal | Orthorhombic, oS8 |
Grup ruwang | Cmcm, No. 63 |
Termokimia | |
Entalpi pambentukan standar (ΔfH |
−425.8 kJ·mol−1 |
Entropi molar standar S |
64.4 J·mol−1·K−1 |
Kapasitas panas, C | {{{HeactCapacity}}} |
Bahaya | |
NFPA 704 | |
U.S. Permissible exposure limit (PEL) |
TWA 2 mg/m3[7] |
Senyawa kagandhèng | |
Anion liyané | Sodium hydrosulfide Sodium hydride Sodium oxide |
Kation liyané | Lithium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Rubidium hydroxide Caesium hydroxide Francium hydroxide |
Kejaba ditélakaké suwaliké, data ing ndhuwur kanggo ing suhu lan tekanan standar (25°C, 100 kPa) |
Guna fénol
besutMèdhis
besutSemprotan fénol biasané ing kadar 1,4% fénol minangka bahan aktif, digunakaké kanthi medhis kanggo mbantu lara tenggorokan. [10] Iki minangka bahan aktif ing sawetara analgesik oral kayata semprot Chloraseptic, TCP lan Carmex, umume digunakaké kanggo ngobati faringitis kanggo sauntara. [11]
Pengaplikasian Niche
besutFénol larang regané supaya akèh panggunaan skala cilik. Iki minangka komponèn saka penata cat industri sing digunakaké ing industri penerbangan kanggo ngilangi lapisan epoksi, poliuretan lan lapisan kimia liyané. [12] Turunan fénol wis digunakaké kanggo nyiyapaké kosmetik kalebu tabir surya, [13] pewarna rambut, pancerah kulit, [14] uga kanggo toner / eksfoliator kulit. [15] Nanging, amarga masalah keamanan, fénol dilarang digunakaké ing produk kosmetik ing Uni Eropa [16] [17] lan Kanada. [18] [19]
Biodegradasi
besutCryptanaerobacter fenolicus minangka spesies bakteri sing ngasilaké benzoat saka fénol liwat 4-hidroksibenzoat.[20] Rhodococcus fenolicus minangka spesies bakteri sing bisa ngrusak fénol minangka sumber karbon tunggal. [21]
Toksisitas
besutFénol lan asepé bisa nyebabaké mata, kulit, lan saluran pernapasan. [22] Efèk korosif ing kulit lan membran lendhut amarga èfèk degenerasi protein. [23] Kontak kulit sing bola-bali utawa dawa karo fénol bisa nyebabaké dermatitis, utawa uga kobongan derajat nomer loro lan kaping telu. [24] Nghirup uap fénol bisa nyebabaké edema paru-paru. [22] Bahan kasebut bisa nyebabaké èfèk sing mbebayani ing sistem saraf pusat lan jantung, sing nyebabaké disritmia, kejang, lan koma. [25] Ginjel uga kena pengaruh. Paparan jangka panjang utawa bola-bali ing bahan iki bisa uga nyebabaké èfèk sing mbebayani ing ati lan ginjel. [26] Ora ana bukti yèn fénol nyebabaké kanker ing manungsa. [27] Kejaba èfèk hidrofobik, mekanisme liyané kanggo keracunan fénol bisa uga dadi pembentukan radikal fenoksil. [28]
Amarga fénol diserep liwat kulit kanthi cepet, keracunan sistemik bisa uga saliyané kanggo kobong lokal. [29] Keracunan resorptive kanthi jumlah fénol sing akèh bisa uga kedadeyan sanajan mung ana sithik kulit, kanthi cepet nyebabaké kelumpuhan sistem saraf pusat lan penurunan suhu awak sing parah. LD50 kanggo keracunan oral kurang saka 500 mg / kg kanggo segawon, terwelu, utawa tikus; dosis minimum manungsa sing mateni dikutip minangka 140 mg / kg [29] Badan Penyakit Zat Toksik lan Penyakit Penyakit (ATSDR), Departemen Kesehatan lan Layanan Manungsa AS negasaké dosis fatal kanggo konsumsi fénol yaiku 1 nganti 32 g. [30]
Paripustaka
besut- ↑ a b "Sodium Hydroxide – Compound Summary". Dibukak ing June 12, 2012.
- ↑ Masalah sitiran: Tenger
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ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jenengmsd
- ↑ Masalah sitiran: Tenger
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ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jenengmsd2
- ↑ a b Haynes, p. 4.90
- ↑ Haynes, p. 4.135
- ↑ Michael Chambers. "ChemIDplus – 1310-73-2 – HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M – Sodium hydroxide [NF] – Similar structures search, synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other chemical information.". nih.gov.
- ↑ Cithakan:PGCH
- ↑ Cithakan:Ullmann
- ↑ "Mengenal Apa Itu Fenol dan Kegunaannya dalam Bidang Kesehatan". SehatQ (ing basa Indonesia). Diarsip saka sing asli ing 2021-04-28. Dibukak ing 2021-04-28.
- ↑ "Phenol spray". drugs.com.
- ↑ "How Does Our Lip Balm Work". Carmex. Diarsip saka sing asli ing 18 February 2015. Dibukak ing 18 February 2015.
- ↑ "CH207 Aircraft paintstripper, phenolic, acid" (PDF). Callington. 14 October 2009. Diarsip saka sing asli (PDF) ing 23 September 2015. Dibukak ing 25 August 2015.
- ↑ A. Svobodová; J. Psotová; D. Walterová (2003). "Natural Phenolics in the Prevention of UV-Induced Skin Damage. A Review". Biomed. Papers. 147 (2): 137–145. doi:10.5507/bp.2003.019.
- ↑ DeSelms, R. H.; UV-Active Phenol Ester Compounds; Enigen Science Publishing: Washington, DC, 2008.
- ↑ Sungthong, Bunleu; Phadungkit, Methin (April 2015). "Anti-Tyrosinase and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activities of Selected Thai Herbal Extracts Traditionally Used as Skin Toner". Pharmacognosy Journal. 7, 2 (2): 97–101. doi:10.5530/pj.2015.2.3.
- ↑ "Prohibited substances in cosmetic product (Annex II, #1175, Phenol) - European Commission". ec.europa.eu (ing basa Inggris). Dibukak ing 2018-07-06.
- ↑ "CosIng - Cosmetics - GROWTH - European Commission". ec.europa.eu (ing basa Inggris). Dibukak ing 2018-07-06.
- ↑ Canada, Health (2004-06-18). "Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist - Canada.ca". www.canada.ca (ing basa Inggris). Dibukak ing 2018-07-06.
- ↑ Canada, Health (2004-06-18). "Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist: Prohibited and Restricted Ingredients - Canada.ca". www.canada.ca (ing basa Inggris). Dibukak ing 2018-07-06.
- ↑ Juteau, P.; Côté, V; Duckett, MF; Beaudet, R; Lépine, F; Villemur, R; Bisaillon, JG (2005). "Cryptanaerobacter phenolicus gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobe that transforms phenol into benzoate via 4-hydroxybenzoate". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 55 (Pt 1): 245–50. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02914-0. PMID 15653882.
- ↑ Rehfuss, Marc; Urban, James (2005). "Rhodococcus phenolicus sp. nov., a novel bioprocessor isolated actinomycete with the ability to degrade chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene and phenol as sole carbon sources". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 28 (8): 695–701. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2005.05.011. PMID 16261859.
- ↑ a b Budavari, S, èd. (1996). "The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemical, Drugs, and Biologicals". Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck.
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(pitulung) - ↑ Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Vol. 25. Wiley-VCH. 2003. kc. 589–604.
- ↑ "Phenol burn". Burns: Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 32 (4): 517–21. June 2006. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2005.12.016. PMID 16621299.
- ↑ Warner, MA; Harper, JV (1985). "Cardiac dysrhythmias associated with chemical peeling with phenol". Anesthesiology. 62 (3): 366–7. doi:10.1097/00000542-198503000-00030. PMID 2579602.
- ↑ World Health Organization/International Labour Organization: International Chemical Safety Cards, http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0070.htm
- ↑ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. "How can phenol affect my health?" (PDF). Toxicological Profile for Phenol: 24.
- ↑ Hanscha, Corwin; McKarns, Susan C; Smith, Carr J; Doolittle, David J (June 15, 2000). "Comparative QSAR evidence for a free-radical mechanism of phenol-induced toxicity". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 127 (1): 61–72. doi:10.1016/S0009-2797(00)00171-X. PMID 10903419.
- ↑ a b Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Vol. 25. Wiley-VCH. 2003. kc. 589–604.
- ↑ "Medical Management Guidelines for Phenol (C6H6O)". Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. October 21, 2014. Dibukak ing 8 August 2015.