Perang Yom Kippur
Perang Yom Kippur utawi Perang Ramelan utawi Perang Oktober (Ibrani מלחמת יום הכיפורים Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim utawi מלחמת יום כיפור, Milkhemet Yom Kipur; basa Arab حرب أكتوبر; ħarb Oktober utawi حرب تشرين, ħarb Tishrin), ugi misuwur minangka Perang Arab-Israèl 1973 lan Perang Arab-Israèl Kaping Sekawan, wiwit tanggal 6 Oktober ngantos 26 Oktober 1973, antawis Israèl lan koalisi nagari-nagari Arab ingkang dipunpandhégani déning Mesir lan Suriah. Perang punika dipunwiwiti kanthi serangan ndadak déning Mesir lan Suriah wekdal dinten libur Yahudi Yom Kippur. Mesir lan Suriah nyebrangi garis gencatan senjata ing Ujung Sinai,Dhataran Inggil Golan, inggih punika ingkang dipunrebat déning Israèl nalika Perang Enem Dinten, ing taun 1967.[5]
| Perang Yom Kippur / Perang Oktober | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Péranganing the Konflik Arab-Israèl | |||||||
 Présidhèn Suriah Hafez al-Asad lan Mantri Pertahanan Mustapha SVLK, sajeroning Perang Arab-Israèl taun 1973 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Péhak kang perang | |||||||
 |
 , , Iraq | ||||||
| Pangarep | |||||||
|
Moshe Dayan, David Elazar, Ariel Sharon, Shmuel Gonen, Benjamin Peled, Israèl Tal, Rehavam Zeevi, Aharon Yariv, Yitzhak Hofi, Rafael Eitan, Abraham Adan, Yanush Ben Gal |
Saad El Shazly, Ahmad Ismail Ali, Hosni Mubarak, Mohammed Aly Fahmy, Anwar Sadat, Abdel Ghani el-Gammasy, Abdul Munim Wassel, Abd-Al-Minaam Khaleel, Abu Zikry, Mustafa Tlass[1] | ||||||
| Kakuwatan | |||||||
|
415,000 troops, 1,500 tank, 3,000 APC, 945 artileri unit,[2] 561 montor mabur, 84 hèlikopter, 38 Kapal[3] |
Mesir: 800,000 troops (300,000 deployed), 2,400 tank, 2,400 APC, 1,120 artileri unit,[2] 690 montor mabur, 161 hèlikopter, 104 Kapal, Suriah: 150,000 troops (60,000 deployed), 1,400 tank, 800–900 APC, 600 artileri unit,[2] 350 montor mabur, 36 hèlikopter, 21 Kapal, Irak: 60,000 troops, 700 tank, 500 APC, 200 artileri unit,[2] 73 montor mabur,[3] | ||||||
| Kurban | |||||||
|
2,656 pejah 7,250 tatu 400 tank risak 600 tank risak/dipundandosi 102 montor mabur katémbak dhawah[4] |
8,528* – 15,000** pejah 19,540* – 35,000** tatu 2,250 tank risak utawi dipunrampas 432 montor mabur risak[4] | ||||||
| |||||||
Pasukan Mesir lan Suriah majeng mliginipun salami 24–48 jam ingkang sapisanan, sasampunipun punika momèntum lajeng éwah. Wonten minggu kaping kalih, prajurit Suriah sampun kasurung medal saking dhataran inggil Golan. Ing Sinai, prajurit Israèl mbrobos ing antawisipun prajurit Mesir lan Suriah lajeng nyebrang Terusan Suèz, lan nggunting jalur prajurit katiga Mesir wonten ing panggénan ingkang salajengipun dados papan gencatan senjata PBB (kawentar kanthi istilah Kilometer 101).
Latar
besutPanyebab perang (Casus belli)
besutPerang punika minangka péranganing konflik Arab-Israèl, satunggiling cecongkrahan ingkang sampun nuwuhaken perang ingkang makaping kaping wiwit taun 1948. Salami perang Enem Dinten taun 1967, Israèl sampun ngrebat Ujung Sinai kagunganipun Mesir ngantos dugi Terusan Suez, ingkang lajeng dados garis gencatan senjata, lan kinten-kinten sepalih tlatah Dhataran Inggil Golan kagunganipun Suriah. Taun-taun salajengipun Israèl amangun garis perbèntèngan wonten ing Sinai lan Golan. Taun 1971 Israèl nelasaken biaya $500 yuta kanggé mangun perbèntèngan ageng ing Terusan Suez, kadamel saking siti lan dipunwastani Garis/bètèng Bar Lev, mendhet nama jenderal Israèl Chaim Bar-Lev.
Kadadosan Pra Perang
besutAnwar Sadat ing taun 1972 mratelakaken manawi Mesir sampun niyat perang nglawan Israèl, lan siyap ngorbanaken yutan wadya Mesir. Wiwit pungkasan taun 1972, Mesir miwiti yasa kakiatan pasukanipun, nampi MiG-21 jet tempur, sistim misil pertahanan dharat-langit wujud SA-2 Guideline, SA-3 Goa, SA-4, SA-6 lan SA-7, RPG-7, T-55 lan tank-tank T-62, lan mliginipun gaman misil anti tank AT-3 Sagger saking Uni Soviet lan ningkataken taktik militèr, dhedhasar dhoktrin tempur Soviet. Jenderal-jenderal pulitik, ingkang sabagéan ageng nanggel waler kakawonan ing perang taun 1967, dipungentos kaliyan ingkang langkung kompetèn.[6]
Operasi Tempur
besutIng Sinai
besutÉkan Mesir boten majeng nglangkungi tlatah tipis amargi kuwatos kicalan lindhungan saking bateré misil SAM ingkang dipundèlèh wonten ing sisih kilèn Kanal Suez. Ing Perang Enem Dinten, Angkatan Udara (Bala Langit) Israèl sampun njotos prajurit Mesir. Pramila Mesir lan Siria lajeng mbèntèngi sisih garis gencatan senjata mawi bateré SAM (surface to air missiles) saking Soviet, kamangka Bala Langit Israèl boten gadhah penangkalipun. Israèl, ingkang sampun mbucal arta kathah kanggé yasa Bala Langit ingkang kiyat, ningali manawi kakiatan wau boten wonten ginanipun ngadhepi bateré SAM Mesir.
Ing Golan
besutIng Dhataran Inggil Golan, prajurit Suriah nyerang pertahanan Israèl nganggé kalih brigade lan sewelas bateré artileri sarta gangsal divisi lan 188 bateré. Wonten ing pertempuran punika, 180 tank Israèl kedah ngadhepi kinten-kinten 1,300 tank Suriah.[7] Saben tank Israèl ingkang dipungelar wonten Golan langsung kontak wonten ing serangan awal. Pasukan Komando Suriah ingkang dipunterjunaken nganggé hèlikopter ugi gadhah peran wigati wekdal nyerang posisi Israèl ing Jabal al Shaikh (Gunung Hermon), ingkang gadhah warni-warni piranti pelacak.
Ing seganten
besut
Pertempuran ing Latakia, wujud pertempuran Bala Seganten antawis Suriah lan Israèl, kadadosan tanggal 7 Oktober, dinten kaping kalih perang, ngasilaken kamenangan Israèl ngkang mbuktosaken potènsi kapal misil alit ingkang dipunparingi piranti ECM (Electronic countermeasures) modhèren. Pertempuran punika minangka ingkang sapisanan ing donya antawis kapal misil ingkang dipunlengkapi misil SAM.
Gaman
besutPasukan Arab dipunlengkapi naganggé gaman damelan Soviet, kosok wangsulipun Israèl nganggé gaman damelan nagari Kilèn. Tank ingkang dipun-ginakaken déning Arab T-62 dipunlengkapi piranti deleng wengi (night vision equipment), sementawis prajurit Israèl boten utawi kirang. Tank IS-3 'Stalin', dipunpasangi gaman mesin 122 mm, sayektos taksih migunani wonten ing pertempuran punika, saged maringi bantuan anti tank jarak tebih kanggé tank T55/T62 prajurit Mesir.
| Tipe | Pasukan Arab | IDF |
|---|---|---|
| Tank | T-34/85, IS-3, T-10, T-54, T-55, T-62, and PT-76, uga watara 100 SU-100/122 (WWII vintage) STTB Anti tank. | Super Sherman, M48 Patton, M60 Patton, Centurion, AMX 13, uga watara 200 T-54, T-55 kang dirampas sajeroning Perang Enam Hari, lan sabanjuré ditingkataké nganggo kanon British Mriem 105 mm L7. |
| APC/IFV | BTR-40, BTR-152, BTR-50, BTR-60 APC & BMP 1 IFV | M2M3, M113 |
| Artileri | 2A18, M1937 Howitzer, BM-21 | M101 howitzer, M114 howitzer, M109, M110 |
| Montor Mabur | MiG-21, MiG-19, MiG-17, Su-7B, Tu-16, Il-28, Il-18, Il-14, An-12 | A-4 Skyhawk, F-4 Phantom II, Dassault Mirage III, Dassault Mystère IV, IAI Nesher, Sud Aviation Vautour |
| Helikopter | Mi-6, Mi-8 | Super Frelon, CH-53, S-58, AB-205, MD 500 Defender |
| AAW | SA-6 Gainful, SA-3 Goa, SA-2 Guideline, ZSU-23-4 | MIM-23 Hawk, MIM-72/M48 Chaparral, M163 VADS |
| Senapan | Carl Gustav M/45, AK-47, RPK, RPD, DShK | UZI, FN FAL, M16, FN MAG, M2 Browning |
Gencatan Senjata
besutTentara Katiga Mesir kajebak
besut
Déwan Keamanan PBB ngedalaken Resolusi 338[8] ingkang ngajak gencatan senjata, kanthi negosiasi kaliyan Amérika Sarikat lan Uni Sovyèt, tanggal 22 Oktober. Resolusi punika ngajak "sadaya péhak ingkang cecongkrahan " supados "ngendhegaken sadaya aktivitas militèr." Résolusi punika dados efektif 12 jam sasampunipun medal, jam 18:52 wekdal Israèl
Pèngetan
besutYom Kippur punika dinten paling minulya kanggé Umat Yahudi. Bènten saking dinten libur lan siyam, ing Israèl Yom Kippur sapunika ugi dipunpèngeti kagandhèng kaliyan Perang taun 1973 punika. Perkawis punika katingal sanget ing média massa Israèl.
Tanggal 6 Oktober punika dinten libur nasional ing Mesir lan dipunwastani "Dinten Angkatan Senjata Mesir". Ing Suriah dinten punika uga dinten libur.[9]
Kanggé mèngeti perang punika, kathah papan ing Mesir ingkang dipunsukani nama 6 Oktober utawi 10 Ramelan. Contonipun punika Kreteg 6 Oktober (basa Arab: كوبري السادس من اكتوبر ) ingkang kawentar saha Kitha 6 Oktober lan Kitha 10 Ramelan.
Réferènsi
besutCathetan
besut- ↑ [1]
- ↑ a b c d The number reflects artillery units of caliber 100 mm and up
- ↑ a b (ing basa Ruslan) Yom Kippur War at sem40.ru
- ↑ a b Rabinovich, 496–497
- ↑ name="ybookcoil2004">During the Autumn of 2003, following the declassification Archived 2008-03-21 at the Wayback Machine. of key Aman documents, the newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth released a series of controversial articles [2] which revealed that key Israèli figures were aware of considerable danger that an attack was likely, including Golda Meir and Moshe Dayan, but had decided not to act. The two journalists leading the investigation, Ronen Bergman and Gil Meltzer, later went on to publish Yom Kippur War, Real Time: The Updated Edition, Yediot Ahronoth/Hemed Books Archived 2021-02-27 at the Wayback Machine., 2004. ISBN 965-511-597-6
- ↑ Heikal, 22
- ↑ Peter Caddick-Adams "Golan Heights, battles of" The Oxford Companion to Military History. Ed. Richard Holmes. Oxford University Press, 2001.
- ↑ [https://web.archive.org/web/20070625161113/http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/288/65/IMG/NR028865.pdf?OpenElement Archived 2007-06-25 at the Wayback Machine. Resolusi DK PBB 22 Oktober 1973
- ↑ Syria Country Commercial Guide FY 2004 Archived 2007-12-06 at the Wayback Machine. (09/05/2003) Strategis.gc.ca. Accessed 2007-06-07.
Bibliografi
besut- Bregman, Ahron (2002). Israèl's Wars: A History Since 1947. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28716-2
- Fundamental Surprise: Intelligence in Crisis by Zvi Lanir. Hakibbutz Hameuchad, Tel-Aviv, 1983. (In Hebrew). Cithakan:Listed Invalid ISBN, OCLC 65842089, OCLC 12420401.
- In Search of Identity: An Autobiography by Anwar Sadat.
- Man of Defiance: A Political Biography of Anwar Sadat by Raphael Israèli.
- Syria and Israèl: From War to Peacemaking by Moshe Maòz.
- The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East by Abraham Rabinovich. ISBN 0-8052-4176-0
- The Iran-Iraq War, 1980–1988 by Efraim Karsh. ISBN 1-84176-371-3
- Israèl Ministry of Foreign Affairs — The Jarring initiative and the response
- The War of Atonement: The Inside Story of the Yom Kippur War by Chaim Herzog 1975, new ed. 2006 ISBN 978-1-85367-569-0
- Jewish Education Dept., JAFI, Israèli Intelligence and the Yom Kippur War of 1973 Archived 2008-05-13 at the Wayback Machine.
- Jerusalem Post's — Yom Kippur War: Shattered Heights Archived 2005-03-11 at the Wayback Machine.
- Jewish Agency for Israèl's Timeline of Israèli history Archived 2008-12-03 at the Wayback Machine.
- Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work by Robert A. Pape
- The Road to Ramadan by Mohamed Heikal. ISBN 0-8129-0567-9
- Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War by Victor Israèlyan, 1995 ISBN 0-271-01489-X, ISBN 0-271-01737-6
- Put an end to Israèli aggression, an article printed in the Pravda newspaper on October 12, 1973 (translation at CNN)
Pranala njawi
besut- A detailed account of 1973 October War (Yom Kippur War) - From Ariel Sharon's Biography Archived 2009-03-04 at the Wayback Machine.
- The October War national park, Cairo
- Maps: Egypt Archived 2007-11-19 at archive.ph Error: unknown archive URL
- Maps: Syria Archived 2007-11-19 at archive.ph Error: unknown archive URL
- The October War, Al Ahram supplement
- The October War and US Policy — Provided by the National Security Archive.
- Lessons of the October War, Ahmad Faruqui Archived 2006-08-15 at the Wayback Machine.
- A Cry From The Bunkers Archived 2019-03-12 at the Wayback Machine. — Dramatic and authentic recordings by IDF soldier Avi Yaffe from inside the IDF position, under attack at the outbreak of the war.
- The reasons of the war. — Provided by Major Ebrahim Al-Jowder Bahrain Armed Forces.
- The 1973 October War: The Egyptian Perspective — Provided By Major J.C. Moulton, United States Air Force.
- The 1973 Arab-Israèli War: Arab Policies, Strategies, and Campaigns— Provided by Major Michael C. Jordan, United States Marine Corps.
- Operation Valiant: Turning of the Tide in the Sinai 1973 Arab-Israèli War-by Major Richard L. Owen, US Marine Corps Command and Staff College.
- Kissinger's Yom Kippur oil shock Archived 2009-01-26 at the Wayback Machine.-Reasons for outbreak of war according to F.William Engdahl.
- Yom Kippur War: Sacrificial Stand in the Golan Heights Archived 2006-11-09 at the Wayback Machine.-by Gary Rashba, Military History Magainze, October 1998 issue.
- Fundamental surprise, by Dr. Zvi Lanir, Tel Aviv University
- Radio program Archived 2007-12-27 at the Wayback Machine.-6:36 min from radio program about the Yom Kippur war. The program includes authentic recordings of the first moments of the war.
- "Another Round in the War of Words" Archived 2013-01-05 at Archive.is Time Monday, Oct. 29, 1973. Separate interviews (same questions) with the Israèli Foreign Minister and Egyptian Foreign Minister.